石灰岩山地4种林分空气细菌动态变化及其影响因素分析

为探索石灰岩山地不同林分类型中空气细菌的动态变化规律及其影响因素,筛选出抑菌效果较好的林分,选取徐州石灰岩山地4种典型林分为试验材料,采用自然沉降法研究林分中细菌含量的季节变化和日变化,同步监测温湿度、风速、PM2.5和空气负离子浓度,分析空气细菌含量及其之间的关系。试验结果表明:(1)细菌含量季节性变化表现为春季秋季夏季冬季,除冬季日变化呈现"早晚低,中午高"的变化趋势,其他季节表现为"早晚高,中午低";(2)不同林分类型空气细菌含量存在显著差异(P0.05),总体来看,苦楝林对细菌的抑制效果最好;(3)细菌含量与空气湿度和PM2.5呈极显著正相关关系,与空气负离子呈极显著的负相关关系。综上,苦楝林的抑菌效果最好,湿度、PM2.5和负离子是影响空气细菌含量的主要因素。本研究可为此地城市保健林的营建以及生态旅游规划提供科学依据。     

皖北石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

通过研究皖北石灰岩山地生态系统的植被群落,分析不同植被恢复群落的组成、结构、多样性和生活型组成,进而阐明石灰岩山地生态系统植被恢复模式对群落结构特征以及植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明:研究区有54种植物,隶属26科54属。侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)+构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)人工混交林有植物种类16科26种,分别占总数的61.5%和48.1%。酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa)+牡荆(Vitex negundo var.cannabifolia)灌丛和荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)+牡荆草灌丛植物种类分别为32和33种,分别占调查总物种数的59.3%和61.1%。不同植被恢复群落生活型也有差异。侧柏+构树人工混交林群落高位芽植物占优势,而酸枣+牡荆灌丛和荩草+牡荆草灌丛则以地面芽植物所占比例较大。分析表明,多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均表现为侧柏+构树混交林>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>荩草+牡荆草灌丛,但物种丰富度表现为荩草+牡荆草灌丛>酸枣+牡荆灌丛>侧柏+构树混交林。Sörensen较高值出现在酸枣+牡荆灌丛与侧柏+构树混交林和荩草+牡荆草灌丛之间,侧柏+构树混交林与荩草+牡荆草灌丛Sörensen多样性值较低。研究结果表明,石灰岩山地独特的地貌特征和人工植被恢复对植物群落组成、多样性及其生活型组成产生重要影响。     

石灰石砂砾负载铁膜及其强化除磷效果

为研究探讨出一种成本低、适用于农村生活污水处理的人工湿地填料负载铁膜方法,通过室内小试比较了石灰石砂砾、普通河沙砂砾2种材料,以及FeCl_3溶液、FeSO_4溶液、Fe(OH)_3胶体溶液3种含铁溶液,并比较了不同的工艺条件,包括4种加液方式:载体浸泡在溶液中不捞出、浸泡2 h后捞出、浸泡1 min后立即捞出和喷淋,3种干燥方式:105℃烘干、太阳晒干和室内自然晾干;同时构建了铁膜石灰石砂砾小型人工湿地,考察了其实际运行效果。试验优选出的负载铁膜方法为:石灰石砂砾浸泡在浓度为1.5 mol·L~(-1)的FeSO_4溶液中,使石灰石砂砾与溶液充分接触1 min后捞出,再将捞出后的石灰石砂砾室内通风自然晾干。铁膜石灰石砂砾对生活污水总磷的静态吸附去除率从普通石灰石砂砾的22.7%提高到80.6%;将其应用于小型人工湿地,总磷去除率比普通石灰石砂砾湿地提高了10%～15%。     

青石山区堰边核桃良种丰产栽培技术研究

利用青石山区梯田堰边栽植1～2a生核桃实生苗，株距4～5m，行距不等，每公顷平均375株。缓苗后进行良种嫁接。主要品种有元丰、香铃、鲁光、阿九等嫁接第2年结果，第3年有一定产量。每666．7m^2核桃产量3a生为33．5k，5a生为915kg，9a生为218．25kg，12a生为273．25kg。堰边良种核桃的综合经济效益分别为对照的1．5～4．9倍阐述了主要优质丰产栽培技术，包括实生苗建园与幼树嫁接良种、合理整形修剪、肥水管理与合理间作、适期采收、坚果处理及病虫害防治等。     

"三岩"造林困难地植被恢复技术研究与示范

湖南造林困难地类总面积达 10 0万hm2 。通过对 5个县 658hm2 试验示范林历时 9年的研究 ,解决了植被恢复技术问题。选出适宜的树、划种有马桑、芦竹、苦槠、牡荆和栓皮栎 5种 ,有发展前景的树种有柏木、铅笔柏和藏柏。选出了林分结构稳定 ,组成种长势好 ,可以肯定的有马桑十墨西哥柏浅层钙质幼年性岩性土等 6个配置模式。并提出和推广了撩壕整地和芦竹下挖上堆 ,施肥促长等造林技术。同时 ,定义了“三岩”造林困难地 ,提出了“三岩”造林困难地的生态环境特点。从土种的水平研究了树种与立地的适应性。     

广东乳源西京古道植物资源调查及应用

西京古道作为第八批全国重点文物保护单位之一,其历史遗存丰富,且孕育着繁茂的野生植物资源。通过对西京古道的植物资源进行全面的调查,鉴定出维管植物有81科217属266种,其中观赏植物资源68科123属163种(含变种)。通过对西京古道乳源段植物资源的实地调查,掌握了古道沿线植物资源现状并分析其观赏特性及应用价值。在对西京古道沿线植物群落景观进行分析的基础上,提出基于石漠化背景下的古驿道植物景观营造方法及生态修复对策。     

海南石灰岩地区的种子植物区系

【目的】了解海南石灰岩地区种子植物区系组成、性质等基本特征.【方法】野外实地调查、标本采集与鉴定,数据统计分析.【结果和结论】海南石灰岩地区现共记录种子植物1 176种58变种1变型,隶属于142科645属,其中裸子植物5科5属7种,被子植物137科640属1 169种58变种1变型.具有明显的热带性质,以热带、亚热带成分尤其是热带亚洲成分为主,热带、亚热带成分分别占总科数和总属数的73.24%和87.75%;温带成分在海南石灰岩地区得到一定的发展,温带性质科占总科数的11.97%,属占总属数的7.29%.该地区物种丰富,以占不到全岛2%的面积,分布高达27.26%的种类,但属内种类较为贫乏,以单种科和寡种科为主,共计113科,占总科数的79.58%;中国特有属有2属.     

石灰石粉施用量对重庆酸雨区马尾松林下木荷生长的影响

重庆是我国酸雨发生最早且其污染最严重的地区之一。由于长期遭受酸雨影响,这里的森林受害明显,经济和环境损失巨大。马尾松(Pinus massonianaLamb.)和木荷(Schima superbaGardn.etChamp.)都属于重庆的重要乡土树种,马尾松在造林中被广泛使用,木荷是优良的生物防火树种,并因     

On-site remediation of chromium-contaminated sediments by combination of sediment washing and stabilization with magnesium oxide/limestone mixtures

Goal, Scope and Background  The remediation of heavy-metalcontaminated soils and sediments is of significant value to industrial areas around the world. The spread of such pollutants can result in a potential risk of entering the groundwater system and being transported to potential receptors. Leaching techniques can be an effective treatment option for the metal removal from soils and sediments. This approach consists of washing or leaching the contaminated soil with an appropriate reagent and the subsequent treatment of the leaching in an above-ground installation (on-site treatment) where metals can be removed and concentrated into a smaller volume. Among the heavy metals, chromium is a commonly identified soil contaminant, particularly in sites with intensive economic activities including agriculture, industrial, mining and mineral,processing. Objective  The objective of this work was the evaluation and development of a leaching process for the remediation of soils and sediments polluted with chromium at laboratory scale. Chromium soil pollution was generated after the breakdown of a channel containing chromium wastes from a tannery plant. The pollution extension has been estimated to be on the order of thousands of tonnes of soil to be treated, with chromium contents ranging from 500 to 17,000 mg kg^-1 soil. Methods  The whole process investigated in this study integrates three stages; a) chromium leaching from a sediment using a diluted sulphuric acid solution, b) treatment of the leaching effluents with a magnesium oxide/limestone mixture for the precipitation of chromium hydroxide after acidity neutralisation, and c) polishing step to remove the eventual remaining chromium by adsorption onto natural zeolite. The amount of contaminated sediment treated ranged from 0.5 to 2 kg with chromium contents of between 2000 and 17,000 mg kg^-1. Results and Discussion  The paper describes results on the performance of the process and the optimisation of steps including influence of acid sulphuric concentration, chromium removal efficiency as well as alkaline reactive mixture proportions. Effluents from the leaching cells showed a significant decay on the chromium concentration with the increase of leaching runs and a high content of acidity (pH values close to 0.5). The treatment of these effluents in a second cell containing magnesium oxide/ limestone mixtures resulted in a high efficiency in neutralisation of acidity (pH values around 7) and chromium removal (concentrations below 5 mg 1^-1). The passage through a third compartment containing zeolite as an adsorbent decreased the chromium concentration below 0.5 mg 1^-1, Conclusions  From the results obtained on the chromium leaching and immobilisation with magnesium oxide/limestone mixture at a laboratory scale, it could be pointed out that: (a) diluted sulphuric acid solutions (3%) demonstrated a high efficiency on chromium removal from sandy polluted soils on the kilogram scale, (b) mixtures of magnesium oxide/limestone demonstrated a high capacity to neutralise the residual high acidity present on the effluents and to remove chromium by precipitation and (c) between the limestone and caustic magnesia mixtures, those containing more than 60% of caustic magnesia provide the higher efficiency. Recommendation and Outlook  Future work would be directed to the evaluation of the integrated process of leaching and chromium precipitation on column at a scale of 100 to 1000 kg.     

坚持治理开发 山乡面貌大变

坚持治理开发山乡面貌大变柴学松（四川省铜梁县水土保持办公室，６３２５６０）铜梁县双山乡位于涪江支流平滩河的上游，北、西、南三面为坪块低山环绕，中部由七沟八梁的中低丘陵与宽谷构成，在总面积为３３．８３ｋｍ２的范围内，水土流失面积达１３．６４ｋｍ２，森林...