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The genus Morbillivirus is classified into the family Paramyxoviridae, and is composed of 6 members, namely measles virus (MV), rinderpest virus (RPV), peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV), canine distemper virus (CDV), phocine distemper virus (PDV) and cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV). The MV, RPV, PPRV and CDV have been successfully attenuated through their serial passages in vitro for the production of live vaccines. It has been demonstrated that the morbilliviral virulence in animals was progressively attenuated with their consecutive passages in vitro. However, only a few reports were involved in explanation of an attenuation-related mechanism on them until many years after the establishment of a quasispecies theory. RNA virus quasispecies arise from rapid evolution of viruses with high mutation rate during genomic replication, and play an important role in gradual loss of viral virulence by serial passages. Here, we overviewed the development of live-attenuated vaccine strains against morbilliviruses by consecutive passages in vitro, and further discussed a related mechanism concerning the relationship between virulence attenuation and viral evolution. 相似文献
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抗高效氯氟氰菊酯甜菜夜蛾近等基因系的交互抗性和种群适合度 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
测定了对高效氯氟氰菊酯不同抗性水平的近等基因系高抗种群(NILs-RR)和低抗种群(NILs-RS)对13种杀虫剂的交互抗性,结果表明高抗种群对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的交互抗性倍数在15.2~92.6之间;对氟虫腈,阿维菌素、灭多威和甲胺基阿维菌素也存在14.1~67.5倍的较高交互抗性;而对毒死蜱、溴虫腈、虫酰肼及辛硫磷的交互抗性较低,在3.0~7.6倍之间。低抗种群对氟虫腈和阿维菌素存在较明显的交互抗性,在13.3~14.3倍之间;对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭多威、溴虫腈和甲胺基阿维菌素有一定程度的交互抗性(5.8~9.9倍);对高效氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的交互抗性较低(2.6~2.9倍);对辛硫磷、毒死蜱和虫酰肼则没有明显的交互抗性(1.7~1.8倍)。对构建的甜菜夜蛾敏感种群(SS)、近等基因系高效氯氟氰菊酯抗性种群(NILs-RR)和近等基因系低抗性种群(NILs-RS)生命表分析表明,以SS种群为参比,NILs-RS、NILs-RR种群的相对适合度分别为0.870、0.893,抗高效氯氟氰菊酯不同基因型甜菜夜蛾SS,NILs-RS和NILs-RR三种群净增殖率分别为624.7, 543.6和557.8,无显著差异,表明高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗药性未引发甜菜夜蛾适合度变化。综合上述研究结果可见甜菜夜蛾对高效氯氟氰菊酯产生抗药性后,与其它菊酯类药剂、氟虫腈和阿维菌素存在较高水平交互抗性,此类药剂间不宜混用或轮用;与辛硫磷、毒死蜱和虫酰肼的交互抗性均较低,可以混用或轮用。在高抗地区也可以通过引入敏感种群进行抗性稀释的方法治理甜菜夜蛾对菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性。 相似文献
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针对农药混剂中单剂搭配和最佳配比选择的几种方法的片面性,从群体遗传学角度推导了靶标物对农药混剂的抗性选择模型,指出以抑制抗药性产生和发展为目的的农药混剂在单剂选择上应以ω·ω′≤ρ·ρ′为准;在防治敏感型靶标物时,为了避免抗药性的产生,其单剂配比应以等保存率时的剂量比为准(ρ=ρ′);在防治对单剂已产生抗性,且抗性表观型适合度不高的靶标物时,其单剂配比应以保存率等于适合度时的剂量比为准(ρ=ω,ρ′=ω′)。 相似文献
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Naeem AbbasSarfraz Ali Shad Muhammad Razaq 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2012,103(3):181-188
Imidacloprid has been used as a key insecticide for controlling sucking insect pests of cotton, whereas Spodoptera litura also has been indirectly exposed to this insecticide in Pakistan. To evaluate the risk of resistance evolution and to develop a better resistance management strategy, a field collected population was selected with imidacloprid in the laboratory. Thereafter, fitness cost, realized heritability and cross resistance of imidacloprid resistance in S. litura were investigated. After 14 generations of selection with imidacloprid, S. litura developed a 137.48-fold resistance to the insecticide. Bioassay revealed that this strain showed cross-resistance to acetamiprid (RR 8.52) and a little to lamdacyhalothrin (1.92) but negative cross-resistance was found to methomyl (−0.19). The resistant strain had a relative fitness of 0.38, with substantially lower rates of larval survival, larval duration, male pupal duration, development time, emergence rate of healthy adults, fecundity, hatchability, and prolonged larval and pupal duration. Mean relative growth rate of the larvae, intrinsic rate of population increase, and biotic potential was lower for the selected populations. The estimated realized heritability (h2) of imidacloprid resistance was 0.15 in the resistant strain of S. litura. Development of the resistance may cost significant fitness for the resistant population. This study provided valuable information for further understanding the impact of imidacloprid resistance on physiological parameters of S. litura and for facilitating the development of resistance management strategies. 相似文献
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John E. Major Alex MosselerDebby C. Barsi Britt Corriveau-DupuisMoira Campbell 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Our goal was to quantify and compare the impact of three silvicultural treatments (STs) on growth, light-energy processing, and needle-level morphological adaptive traits for eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) from large, central Ontario (ON) and small, isolated Newfoundland (NL) populations. The interest in STs is to reduce weevil (Pissodes strobi) incidence; however, there are potential adaptive changes and productivity trade-offs. The light levels for the STs were, on average, 100%, 42.0%, and 20.4% transmittance for the full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively. After 8 years, overall height growth was 4.10, 3.25, and 1.70 m for full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively (P < 0.001). Across all STs, ON populations had greater total height (14%), basal diameter (12%), current leader length (25%), and tree volume (49%) than NL populations (all P < 0.001). At low light levels (10 and 25 μmol m−2 s−1), high-shade ST trees had higher photochemical quenching (qP) and lower chlorophyll fluorescence (Fpc) compared with intermediate-shade and full-sun STs. At 100 μmol m−2 s−1 and beyond, full-sun ST trees had higher qP and lower Fpc than intermediate- and high-shade STs. Average total chlorophyll concentration (CHL) and content (CHLC), and carotenoid concentration (CAR), increased in response to the intermediate-shade ST but did not respond further, or decreased in the high-shade ST. Region was significant for CHL, CAR, chlorophyll a:b and CHL:CAR ratios and CHLC, with ON greater than NL, but was reversed for CHL:CAR ratio. Tree height and volume showed a curvilinear and linear relationship to light level, respectively. Tree height showed a positive linear relationship to qP, apparent photosynthesis, chlorophyll a:b ratio, and needle N (all P < 0.001). Tree height showed a negative linear relationship to Fpc, CHL:CAR ratio, specific needle area, C:N ratio, and needle area N−1 (all P < 0.001). There were modest trade-offs between weevil protection and productivity in the intermediate ST due to the compensatory physiological and morphological adaptations to the limiting light, however, the trade-off with growth at the high-shade level was severe. For NL, consideration should now be given to the introduction and mixing of seed from local seed sources with more southern mainland seed sources, which would decrease the inbreeding effect and provide wider variation for natural selection for a more fit future population. 相似文献
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本研究通过为期12周的分组实验,对参加力量练习和有氧练习的100位大学男生进行实验前后身体素质、身体机能、身体形态的对比测试与量表评定,探讨不同运动形式对男生体质影响的差异性,为高校体育教学改革与男生体育锻炼提供科学的实证依据。实验结果表明,与实验前相比,力量练习对于男生的各项体质指标影响最多,而有氧练习尽管对男生体质有影响,但是和实验前相比没有显著差异。所以,在体育锻炼中,男生更加适合以力量练习作为主要的运动方式。 相似文献