Trichoderma harzianum produces nonanoic acid, an inhibitor of spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens

An isolate of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai from an infected cacao pod produces and secretes nonanoic (pelargonic) acid into a liquid culture medium. Nonanoic acid (NA) was very inhibitory to spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens, Crinipellis perniciosa Stahel and Moniliophthora roreri Cif. H.C. Evans. It was highly active causing 75% inhibition of spore germination in an in vitro assay at a rate as low as 0.09 μM for M. roreri and 0.92 μM for C. perniciosa. Mycelial growth was comparatively less sensitive to inhibition, but still there was a 75% reduction in growth with 0.62 μM in M. roreri and 151 μM NA in C. perniciosa. In contrast, NA did not affect Trichoderma mycelial growth or spore germination at concentrations that were inhibitory to the pathogens. 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was also produced and secreted into the medium by T. harzianum, however; it was not antagonistic to the cacao pathogens. Although a number of metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. have been identified in the past, this is the first report of NA production and secretion by any Trichoderma. The results suggest that NA may play a role in the successful use of some Trichoderma spp. isolates in the biocontrol of fungal diseases of plants.     

Comparison of Crinipellis perniciosa isolates from Brazil by ERIC repetitive element sequence-based PCR genomic fingerprinting

Fifty isolates of Crinipellis perniciosa originating from Theobroma cacao , Heteropterys acutifolia and Solanum lycocarpum , from six states within Brazil, were characterized through ERIC-PCR, representing the first application of this method for molecular characterization within C. perniciosa . Phenetic analysis of banding patterns revealed a separation of isolates on the basis of host of origin, with T. cacao -derived isolates showing only a 0·2 similarity level to a cluster comprising the isolates from H. acutifolia and S. lycocarpum . Considerable intraspecific variability was observed within C. perniciosa isolates from T. cacao , with distinct groups observed correlating with geographical origin. Given that a number of isolates from T. cacao from the Amazon region grouped with isolates from Bahia state, this work discusses the possibility that current C. perniciosa populations pathogenic on T. cacao in Bahia originated from the Amazon region, rather than from alternative host plants.     

Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aciculosporium take</Emphasis>, a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo

 Aciculosporium take (Ascomycota; Clavicipitaceae) is a causal agent of witches' broom of bamboo plants. The symptoms of this disease are believed to be induced by plant hormones, particularly auxins. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified in cultures of this fungus in an l-tryptophan-supplemented liquid medium. IAA production was confirmed on 30 isolates of A. take from various hosts and locations at levels up to 1 mg/l. The biosynthetic pathway of IAA in A. take culture was examined by analyzing intermediate products and by feeding experiments. The results showed that the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway (l-tryptophan → indole-3-pyruvic acid → indole acetaldehyde → IAA) was the dominant pathway in A. take. Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 25, 2002     

枣AP2/ERF转录因子鉴定及其响应枣疯病植原体表达分析

利用生物信息学方法，从植物转录因子数据库和NCBI数据库中分别得到175和164个候选的枣AP2/ERF转录因子序列，使用DNAMAN软件进行序列比对、去除重复序列，采用SMART软件预测蛋白结构域发现，枣基因组中包含有145个AP2/ERF基因，其中ERF、AP2、RAV亚家族分别含有116个、23个、5个，另有1个独立基因。预测枣AP2/ERF转录因子氨基酸数量在111 ~ 692之间，分子量在12 446.87 ~ 76 154.10之间，pI在4.31 ~ 10.11之间。鉴定出的145个AP2/ERF转录因子，105个分别定位到12条染色体上，40个未能定位。在此基础上，利用嫁接病芽方法将枣疯病植原体转至健康枣植株，通过转录组测序和qRT-PCR手段，分析了AP2/ERF转录因子对枣植原体侵染的响应，在植原体侵染枣的6个不同时期，枣AP2/ERF表达数量和表达量均不相同，共有48个差异表达基因，其中ZjAP2*9、ZjERF49和ZjERF91是响应枣疯病植原体最为重要的AP2/ERF转录因子。     

极抗枣疯病枣新品种‘星光’

 ‘星光’是从骏枣变异单株中系统选育出的高抗枣疯病新品种。在太行山枣疯病重发区, 将其高接到病树上能正常生长结果。‘星光’果实大(22.9 g) , 制干率高(56.4% ) , 既可直接作为抗病品种进行栽培, 也可用于染病植株和感病品种的高接改造。     

Partial characterization of phytoplasmas associated with lettuce and wild lettuce phyllodies in Iran

Phytoplasmas associated with lettuce phyllody (LP) and wild lettuce phyllody (WLP) in southern Iran were partially characterized by molecular analyses and host-range studies. Agents of both diseases were transmitted by Neoaliturus fenestratus , a leafhopper colonizing lettuce and wild lettuce, to lettuce, wild lettuce, sowthistle and periwinkle, but not to safflower, sunflower, calendula and sesame. Both phytoplasmas induced bud proliferation, virescence, phyllody and witches' broom in infected plants. Total DNA extracted from infected lettuce and wild lettuce or from vector tissues was subjected to PCR using phytoplasma-specific primer pair P1/P7 or nested PCR using P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. PCR product of nested PCR (1·2 kbp) was subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RFLP analysis of nested PCR product identified the LP, WLP and N. fenestratus -associated phytoplasmas as members of the pigeon pea witches' broom group, 16SrIX. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence also clustered LP and WLP phytoplasmas with other known members of the 16SrIX group. While no significant differences could be detected between LP and WLP phytoplasmas, both isolates differed from Lebanese wild lettuce phyllody in molecular properties.     

竹叶枯型丛枝病的研究

竹叶枯型丛枝病为害新梢嫩叶,造成叶枯、梢枯,连年发病引发小枝丛生,该病发展快,发病时间短,季节性强。老病枝连年发病,使新梢发病率常达90％以上。病叶上普遍产生黑褐色点状的子囊菌子实体。用子囊孢子对健壮株枝梢作人工接种,第2年新梢嫩叶发病,具典型症状。经鉴定该病病原菌为竹暗球腔菌(Phaeosphaeria bambusae Miyake et Hara)。刚竹属中的淡竹(Phyllostachys glauca)、桂竹(Ph. bambusoide)和融安刚竹(Ph. sp.)发病最重。3月间竹腔注射20％粉锈宁乳油剂(1∶200)1次,即可明显减轻该病的发生。     

应用^32P和^86Rb对泡桐丛枝病病枝,叶吸收磷钾规律的研究

泡桐丛枝病在我国发生普遍,特别是在河南、山东和陕西关中地区危害严重,群众称之为泡桐的癌症。该病病原在1967年被日本人确定为类菌质体(MLO)。我国有不少人对这一病害作过研究,并取得了一定成绩。为了寻求更有效的防治措施,我们曾对该病进行了较为系统、全面的调查研究,对土壤中N、P、K含量的百分比值与感病指数间的关系,应用通径分析法进行研究,发现磷含量越高,发病越轻;钾含量越高,发病越重。经回归分析得知感病指数与P/K比值成反相关。在此基础上,对泡桐丛枝病病枝、叶对磷钾的吸收规律及不同种泡桐苗木吸收磷钾情况进行了同位素示踪试验。     

Histology of witches' brooms on Betula pubescens

Witches' brooms caused by Taphrina betulina on Betula pubescens formed from the development of large numbers of axillary shoots on infected buds. Broom shoots showed vigorous growth during the first season, but died in the second or third year after initiation. Occasional adventitious root production was noted at the base of broom shoots. Cortex and secondary phloem tissues of the central gall-like structure of the brooms expanded. The bark of infected material lacked brachysclereids, and tangential ray parenchyma of the secondary phloem were also absent. Numerous shoot bases and aborted axillary buds were present within the bark. Abundant starch granules were present, especially in the phellogen and phelloderm layers. Distortion of the internal lignified tissues was due to the presence of multiple vascular connections from the proliferation of shoots on the broom.     

泡桐属叶毛类型及对丛枝病的抗性

调查研究结果认为泡桐属叶毛类型有单枝毛、腺毛、叉状毛和树状毛4大类型.各类又有长柄、短柄或无柄之别.叶背有无叶毛和叶毛类型的不同对丛枝病的抗性有很大差异.叶背无毛或毛非常稀少对丛枝病高度感染,叶背毛为无柄（或几无柄）树状毛、短柄叉状毛和短柄、腺细胞小并无粘性腺毛的泡桐感病,叶背为不同类型的混合毛亦感病,但感病程度随长柄和短柄毛的比例不同而有所差异.叶背毛为较稠密的长柄树状毛、长柄叉状毛、长柄单枝毛和长柄、腺细胞大的粘性腺毛的泡桐为高度抗病.抗病的原因是抗传毒介体昆虫.