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1.
王家录  李维杰  王勇  任娟  高敏 《水土保持研究》2021,(2):217-223,F0003
为了了解重庆石漠化地区植被恢复以及生态环境治理状况,选取重庆石漠化地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)及气象数据,利用趋势分析、变异系数分析以及偏相关分析等方法,重点探讨了重庆石漠化地区2005-2014年NDVI的时空变化特征,并分析了NDVI变化与气候因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)重庆石漠化地区NDVI年际变化总体上呈增加趋势,增加速率为0.08/10 a,其中渝东北地区增长速率相对较高,达0.09/10 a,而NDVI季节变化存在一定差异性,春季增长最为显著,主要分布于渝东北、渝中和渝西地区;(2)渝东北石漠化地区NDVI呈增加趋势的区域范围较大,这对于三峡库区生态环境改善以及水土保持起着至关重要的作用;渝东南、渝中和渝西石漠化地区NDVI整体保持不变,而NDVI呈减小趋势的区域主要分布于乌江流域;(3)重庆石漠化地区2005-2014年NDVI变异系数相对较低,以稳定为主;(4)重庆石漠化地区降水和气温分别与NDVI之间正相关性都大于负相关性。总体上降水量的增加一定程度促进了三峡库区植被的生长,而温度的降低一定程度上抑制了乌江流域植被的生长。  相似文献   
2.
  【目的】  研究冠层光谱技术在蔬菜氮素营养诊断中应用的可行性和提高其准确性的方法,为推进蔬菜氮素营养管理与施肥推荐提供快速无损检测技术。  【方法】  以茎菜类蔬菜—莴苣 (Lactuca sativa L.) 为研究对象进行田间试验。设置5个化肥年施用梯度:0、108、162、216、270 kg/hm2,在莴苣幼苗期、莲座期、茎形成期和收获期,利用GreenSeeker冠层光谱仪获取冠层光谱特征值—植被归一化指数 (NDVI) 和比值植被指数 (RVI),并测定植株生物量和含氮量。评估用生育期NDVI和RVI值预测蔬菜生物量和氮素营养的可行性与准确性,并验证用移栽天数校正提高全生育期光谱值预测精度的可行性。  【结果】  NDVI和RVI与莴苣地上部生物量 (AGB)、根冠比 (RTS)、植株吸氮量 (PNU) 和植株氮浓度 (PNC) 等指标间均存在显著相关关系,尤其以NDVI相关性更高。相关性分析结果表明,NDVI与AGB和PNU呈正相关,相关系数分别介于0.779~0.945和0.819~0.938;与RTS和PNC呈负相关,相关性系数介于–0.367~–0.844和–0.328~–0.732。对比不同时期,莲座期和茎形成期的NDVI值对莴苣生物量和氮素营养指标预测的准确性较高,对AGB、RTS、PNU和PNC预测准确性分别为0.76~0.92、0.37~0.71、0.77~0.88和0.34~0.54。利用两年NDVI值建立各时期莴苣生物量和氮素营养状况统一预测方程,莲座期方程最为准确,对AGB、RTS、PNU、PNC预测准确性分别为73%、48%、52%、31%。综合全生育预测方程,冠层光谱仪测定的NDVI值对莴苣生物量和氮素营养预测指标的准确性较高,基于NDVI值的AGB、RTS、PNU和PNC预测方程准确度分别为54%、43%、57%和26%。引入移栽天数 (DAT) 对该预测方程进行校正后,AGB、PNU和PNC预测方程的准确度分别提高至62%、71%和34%。  【结论】  基于冠层光谱仪测定的各生育期的植被归一化指数 (NDVI) 可准确预测莴苣的生物量和氮素营养状况,尤以莲座期的预测结果最为准确。经移栽天数 (DAT) 校正后,基于全生育期的NDVI值建立的预测方程对AGB、PNU的预测准确度可分别提高到62%和71%,基本满足莴苣类低覆盖度蔬菜作物的氮素营养管理。  相似文献   
3.
为进一步研究国产人工打洞法所结沉香中的化学成分,本研究采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20、半制备高效液相等色谱方法从其乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离纯化得到2个单体化合物。根据核磁共振(NMR)、质谱(MS)等波谱数据分别鉴定为2-(2-苯乙基)色酮二聚体(+)-3′,3′′′-dihydroxy-4′,4′′′-dimethoxyaquisinenone G (1)和aquilasinenone F (2),其中化合物1为新化合物。抗氧化活性测试结果表明,化合物1和2都对DPPH自由基具有一定的清除能力,其中化合物2的IC50 值为(64.6±1.6)mol/L,阳性对照为L(+)-抗坏血酸。  相似文献   
4.
【目的】明确水稻富含半胱氨酸类受体激酶(Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases,CRK)家族基因对纹枯病菌侵染和植物激素的响应特征,是解析CRK在水稻纹枯病抗性中的功能的重要前期工作。【方法】利用生物信息学方法构建了水稻45个CRK的系统发育树,并利用qPCR分析了它们对纹枯病菌和对植物激素乙烯(Ethylene,ET)、茉莉酸(Jasmonic acid,JA)、水杨酸(Salicylic acid,SA)和细胞分裂素(Cytokinin,CK)等的响应特征,以及在水稻不同组织中的表达模式。【结果】水稻CRK家族可分为4个组,在染色体上成簇或紧密分布的CRK大部分来自同一组或同一分支。41个CRK响应纹枯病菌侵染,其中17个响应强烈;结合组织表达模式,发现这17个CRK基因中,CRK15CRK23CRK24CRK26CRK27CRK28CRK29CRK30CRK31CRK33等10个基因在叶鞘和叶片中表达较强,暗示这些基因可能参与了对纹枯病的抗性;大部分同一分支的两个同源性较高的CRK对纹枯病菌的响应特征类似, 表明这些CRK基因在调控纹枯病抗性上可能存在功能冗余。40个CRK对3种或4种植物激素均有响应,它们对不同激素的响应存在差异性,说明CRK可能广泛参与这些激素介导的防御信号途径;对JA和SA响应相反的有17个,对JA和SA、ET和JA、ET和SA响应类似的分别有21、21、23个。这不仅反映了ET、JA、SA信号途径间的协同和拮抗作用,也说明这些基因可能参与ET、JA和SA间的交互作用。【结论】鉴定到一些可能参与调控水稻纹枯病抗性的CRK基因,且它们可能在植物激素介导的防御途径中起作用。这为我们进一步探索CRK在调控水稻纹枯病抗性上的功能提供了科学线索。  相似文献   
5.
为研究浙西地区不同播期对鲜食春大豆产量和可溶性糖含量的影响,以鲜食春大豆品种衢春豆1号为试验材料,设置3月16日、3月23日、3月30日、4月6日、4月13日、4月20日和4月27日共7个播期处理,比较不同播期下鲜食大豆生育期、农艺性状和产量,棉子糖、蔗糖和水苏糖等可溶性糖含量的变化情况.结果表明:随着播期的延迟,营养生长时间缩短,生殖生长时期逐渐变长,且各处理差异显著;大豆农艺性状中单株荚重、单粒荚数、主茎节数和单株有效荚数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,百粒鲜重、每荚粒数和百荚鲜重呈现逐步减少的趋势,而底荚高度逐渐增高,秕荚数逐渐增多;大豆可溶性糖除棉子糖含量随着播期的推迟而下降,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、水苏糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量均呈现先增加后减少的总体变化趋势,4月6日播期下的大豆籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖、水苏糖含量达到最高峰,分别为107.60,42.20和34.67 mg·g-1,且这3种可溶性糖含量和百荚鲜重、单株荚数、百粒鲜重和每荚粒数4个荚相关性状极显著正相关,结合产量综合分析表明3月下旬至4月上旬为浙西地区春季大豆种植的适宜时期.  相似文献   
6.
为探讨瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)脾脏组织结构和血脾屏障位置,该研究对其脾脏进行了形态大小、组织学和活体染色观察。结果显示,瓦氏黄颡鱼的脾脏位于腹腔中部,呈暗红色,脾体指数为0.120%~0.273%;对健康脾脏制备石蜡切片,分别进行HE染色和改良James染色,显微镜观察发现其脾组织主要由不发达的被膜系统、分界不清的红髓和白髓及由网状纤维和胶原纤维组成的纤维支架构成。其中网状纤维主要位于脾索和椭球体周围,胶原纤维主要位于脾索;使用台盼蓝活体染色法对健康瓦氏黄颡鱼的血脾屏障部位和功能探索发现,台盼蓝主要位于脾脏的椭球体内皮细胞中,最早出现在注射后的第4小时,随时间推移在椭球体内逐渐累积,24 h后数量显著增加,并持续增加至第72小时。结果表明椭球体内皮细胞是血脾屏障的重要组成成分。  相似文献   
7.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Fe injection timing after birth on suckling and subsequent nursery and growing-finishing pig performance. The injectable Fe source used in both experiments was GleptoForte (Ceva Animal Health, LLC., Lenexa, KS). GleptoForte contains gleptoferron which is a Fe macromolecule complex. In Exp. 1, a total of 324 newborn pigs (DNA 241 × 600, initially 1.6 ± 0.04 kg body weight [BW]) within 27 litters were used. Two days after birth, all piglets were weighed, and six barrows and six gilts per litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments consisting of no Fe injection or 200 mg of injectable Fe provided in a single injection on d 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 of age. Pigs were weaned (~21 d of age) and allotted to nursery pens with all pigs in each pen having received the same Fe treatment. In Exp. 2, a total of 1,892 newborn pigs (PIC 359 × C40; initially 1.5 ± 0.02 kg BW) within 172 litters were used. One day after birth, piglets were weighed, and 11 pigs within each litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments consisting of no Fe injection or 200 mg of injectable Fe provided on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of age, or 200 mg on d 1 plus 200 mg on d 12 of age. Pigs were weaned (19 d of age) and placed in a commercial wean-to-finish facility in a total of 15 pens with equal representation of treatments in each pen. In both experiments, not providing an Fe injection after birth decreased (P < 0.05) preweaning average daily gain (ADG), weaning weight, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values compared with all other treatments. In Exp. 1, increasing the age that piglets received an Fe injection until 4 or 6 d after birth provided marginal evidence for an improvement (quadratic; P = 0.070) in preweaning ADG. For the nursery period, increasing the age that piglets received an Fe injection improved (quadratic; P = 0.013) d 80 BW, but there was no evidence of a difference (P > 0.10) in d 173 BW at the end of the grow-finish period. In Exp. 2, increasing the age that piglets received a 200 mg Fe injection showed no evidence of difference (P > 0.10) for subsequent nursery and growing-finishing ADG. In both experiments, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were decreased (linear; P < 0.05) at weaning with increasing age when pigs received an Fe injection. These experiments suggest that providing a 200 mg Fe injection within 7 d after farrowing is sufficient for optimizing preweaning and subsequent growth performance.  相似文献   
8.
Euthanasia of mature swine is challenging. Temporal and behind-the-ear locations are two sites that have been identified as alternatives to the more commonly used frontal placement. In stage one, the effectiveness of two penetrating captive bolt gun styles (cylinder or pistol) was evaluated using frontal, temporal, and behind-the-ear placement in anesthetized mature swine (n = 36; weight: 267 ± 41 kg). For stage one, when evaluating treatment efficacy by sex, the cylinder-style equipment was 100% effective in achieving death when applied to all cranial locations (frontal, temporal, and behind-the-ear) for sows; however, the pistol-style equipment was only 100% effective when applied at the behind-the-ear location for sows. For boars, the cylinder-style equipment was 100% effective when applied to the frontal and behind-the-ear location, but the pistol-style equipment was not effective for any cranial location in boars. Therefore, the pistol–frontal, pistol–temporal, pistol–behind-the-ear, and cylinder–temporal were not included for boars, and pistol–frontal and pistol–temporal were not included for sows in stage two. In stage two, commercial, mixed-breed, mature swine (n = 42; weight: 292 +/− 56 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments based on the inclusion criteria described in stage one. A three-point traumatic brain injury (TBI) score (0 = normal; 1 = some abnormalities; 2 = grossly abnormal, unrecognizable) was used to evaluate six neuroanatomical structures (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, pons, and brain stem), and the presence of hemorrhage was also noted. All treatments were 100% effective in stage two. A significant interaction between gun style and placement was determined on predicting total TBI as the cylinder style produced a higher total TBI score compared with the pistol type of the magnitude of +2.8 (P < 0.01). The cylinder style tended to produce a greater TBI score than the pistol in the temporal location (+1.2; P = 0.08). No difference was noted for TBI score behind-the-ear between the cylinder- and pistol-style gun (P > 0.05). TBI tended to be less in boars compared with sows (−0.6; P = 0.08). Hemorrhage was observed in frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. This study demonstrated that the cylinder-style captive bolt gun more effectively resulted in brain trauma and death compared with a pistol-style gun and the behind-the-ear and temporal placement showed promise as an alternative placement site for euthanizing mature pigs on-farm.  相似文献   
9.
改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B_1和玉米赤霉烯酮的吸附研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本试验旨在探究4种不同改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉B1(AFB1)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的体外吸附性能。采用体外吸附试验,在霉菌毒素污染的喷浆玉米皮中添加4种改性蒙脱石,检测AFB1和ZEN的浓度变化,以探究不同种类及不同添加比例改性蒙脱石对AFB1和ZEN的吸附作用。结果表明:4种改性蒙脱石对AFB1和ZEN均有显著吸附作用,其中膨润土经十八烷基三甲基氯化铵改性制备的复合改性蒙脱石II型对AFB1和ZEN的吸附效果最好,在添加量为1%时,对AFB1和ZEN的吸附率分别为62.60%和43.38%。在本体外试验条件下,4种改性蒙脱石对喷浆玉米皮中AFB1和ZEN均具有吸附作用,可以降低喷浆玉米皮中的霉菌毒素含量,为改性蒙脱石在饲料脱毒剂的使用提供参考。  相似文献   
10.
Monilinia fructicola has been widely reported as the causal agent of brown rot disease on many Rosaceae family fruits worldwide. It has been reported on stone fruits, e.g., peach, plum, cherry, apricot and mume; as well as pome fruits, e.g., apple, pear and hawthorn. Loquat is a member of the Eriobotrya genus in subfamily Maloideae along with apple, pear and hawthorn. So far, loquat has not been reported as the host of any Monilia species. In June 2019, brown rot symptoms were observed on loquat fruits in an orchard in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Thirty single spore isolates were obtained and identified as M. fructicola based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis. This is the first report of loquat brown rot disease caused by Monilia species in the world. Furthermore, upon artificial inoculation, all three Monilia species from peach in China, i.e., M. fructicola, M. mumecola and M. yunnanensis, could cause typical brown rot disease on loquat fruits. At the same time, M. fructicola isolates from loquat showed virulence similar to those isolates from peach when the pathogenicity test was conducted on peach fruits. These results suggested that loquat could be infected by other Monilia species and that isolates from loquat also have potential to damage other Rosaceae family fruits in practice.  相似文献   
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