湿地松引种家系的个体育种值评价

湿地松Pinus elliottii是引进树种,遗传基础变窄是高世代育种面临的严重问题,需要不断补充新的基因资源.研究对二十世纪90年代从美国引进的126个全同胞家系、32个自由授粉家系湿地松种子营建的基因资源林进行了生长量调查分析,结果显示,与一代种子园和改良种子园生产的子代相比,个体树高、胸径、材积的最大值和最小值均来自引进的子代群体,表明新引进群体包含更多的遗传变异;树高、胸径、材积的单株狭义遗传力范围分别为0.323-0.417、0.218～0.392、0.255～0.426,与其它报道范围一致,生长量性状受中等程度的遗传控制.使用个体模型分别计算全同胞家系、半同胞家系所有个体的育种值并以材积育种值为标准进行了排名,全同胞家系排名前30的个体集中在7个家系,半同胞家系排名前15的集中在5个家系,为保证更多的遗传多样性,从这12个家系中选择1～2个个体补充到新一轮的育种群体中,有效的拓宽现有湿地松育种群体的遗传背景.     

体外棕榈酸诱导自噬调节奶牛淋巴细胞炎症通路

为探讨体外棕榈酸(Palmitic acid,PA)是否可以通过自噬调节奶牛淋巴细胞炎症信号通路的激活,分离健康奶牛淋巴细胞,采用3-MA(3-Methyladenin,细胞自噬抑制剂)和不同质量浓度PA作用于淋巴细胞,收集细胞及上清,利用qRT-PCR检测淋巴细胞LC3B、Beclin1、mTOR、UKL1、SQSTM1、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-αmRNA表达情况;利用CCK-8和酶联免疫吸附法分别测定细胞活性和促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的释放量。CCK-8结果表明:PA显著抑制淋巴细胞活性(P0.01),添加自噬抑制剂3-MA后细胞活性显著增强(P0.01);qRT-PCR结果表明:与对照组(PA=0μg/mL)相比,PA处理组(不含3-MA)ULK1和LC3B mRNA表达极显著增加(P0.01),mTOR、Beclin1和SQSTM1 mRNA表达极显著降低(P0.01);IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达显著增强(P0.01),而TNF-α未表达;添加3-MA后,与1μg/mL PA处理组相比较,SQSTM1和Beclin1极显著增加,而LC3B mRNA表达极显著降低(P0.01);IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表达显著下调(P0.01);PA增加促炎因子IL-6和IL-1β的释放(P0.01),显著抑制TNF-α释放(P0.01),而含有3-MA的PA混合处理组则显著降低(P0.01)。综上,PA可通过自噬调节奶牛淋巴细胞炎症信号通路的激活。     

广东甘薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定

[目的]明确广东甘薯疮痂病的病原菌种类及生物学和系统发育学特征,为甘薯疮痂病防治及抗病育种提供参考.[方法]从广东省茂名和湛江等甘薯产区采集甘薯疮痂病植株,采用分生孢子悬液梯度稀释分离法分离病原菌,通过病原菌的形态特征观察、致病力测定,结合核糖体内转录间隔区(ITS)、28S核糖体RNA(LSU)、RNA聚合酶II第二大亚基(rpb2)和翻译延伸因子1-α(TEF1)部分序列的多核苷酸序列系统学分析等方法对病原菌进行鉴定.[结果]共分离获得26株单分生孢子分离物,随机选取3株代表性菌株SPEb-1、SPEb-2和SPEb-3进行观察和测定.光学显微镜下观察发现,3株代表性菌株的产孢细胞透明,内生芽殖;分生孢子单细胞,透明,短棒形,两侧顶端钝圆,大小为6.1~9.0μm×2.2~3.0μm;分生孢子梗短棒状;致病性人工接种表明,3株代表性菌株均可侵染甘薯引起典型的疮痂病症状.3株代表菌株的ITS、LSU、rpb2和TEF1序列与痂囊腔菌属(Elsino?)的E.ampelina、E.bidentis、E.arachidis、E.mimosae、E.ricini和E.sesseae等多个种的对应序列一致性为95%~99%.系统发育进化树分析结果显示,3株代表性菌株与蓖麻痂囊腔菌(E.ricini)单独聚成一支.[结论]广东甘薯疮痂病的病原菌为甘薯痂囊腔菌(E.batatas).     

包膜尿素在不同介质中氮素释放特性研究

培养不同膜材用量的包膜尿素(CRU1,CRU2)在25℃静水及不同土壤(白浆土、黑土、黑钙土)中的释放规律,研究介质及膜材用量对包膜尿素氮素释放的影响.结果 表明:氮素释放期方面,CRU1和CRU2在25℃静水中的释放期分别为30 d和100d,在白浆土中的释放期分别为37 d和182 d,在黑土中的释放期分别为36 d和209 d,在黑钙土中的释放期分别为34 d和213 d.无机氮变化规律方面,CRU1处理下土壤中NO3-N含量呈现先平稳再升高后下降的趋势,NH4+-N含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势;CRU2处理下土壤中NO3-N、NH4+-N含量均呈现先平稳再升高后降低的趋势.相关结果表明,介质类型显著影响包膜尿素的氮素释放期,与水相比土壤中的氮素释放期明显增加,且不同土壤类型间差异显著.随着膜材用量的增加,包膜尿素的氮素释放期明显增加,同时介质中的无机氮含量变化趋势也存在差异.     

迷你甘薯新品系的引进及感官品质特性比较

为选育出适宜贵州省种植的商品性好和风味佳的迷你新品系,对引进的14份迷你甘薯材料的农艺性状、产量、品质及感官进行调查.结果表明,浙20和浙132产量高、长势强、薯皮光滑、商品性较好、感官评价也较好,适宜在当地种植,可在贵州省进行下一步生产试验和示范推广种植;浙33产量在供试材料中表现理想,可进一步试种.     

西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。     

Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

Site‐specific management is crucial to managing Mikania micrantha

Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread.     

分相萃取法纯化朝鲜蓟中洋蓟素的工艺研究

以朝鲜蓟提取物为原料、乙酸乙酯为萃取剂,考查萃取时间、分相时间、提取物质量浓度、相比、萃取温度、pH值等因素对萃取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化洋蓟素的最佳萃取参数。结果表明,朝鲜蓟中洋蓟素的最佳萃取参数为萃取时间30 min,分相时间80 min,提取物质量浓度10.0 g/L,相比1.25∶1,萃取温度35℃,pH值4.0,此时洋蓟素萃取率达到67.37%。