Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

Bilateral intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy using 3-dimensional laparoscopy in a dog

A 7-month-old, intact male, mixed breed dog with bilateral inguinal hernias underwent general anesthesia for laparoscopic bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy via a 3-port approach. A 3-dimensional laparoscopic system was used to perform the procedure immediately following prescrotal open castration. Intracorporeal suturing with polypropylene was performed, and 2 cruciate sutures were placed to close each inguinal ring. The caudal aspect of each inguinal ring was left slightly open so as not to disrupt the passage or patency of vessels and nerves. No intra- or post-operative complications occurred. One year after surgery, the dog has no evidence of recurrence of the inguinal hernias.Key clinical message:This case report demonstrates a novel minimally invasive approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy in a dog with no reported complications and a good long-term outcome. Intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy is feasible in dogs with good results, although additional cases are needed to gain experience with this technique in dogs with varying presentations of inguinal hernias.     

黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的累加细胞毒性研究

由于饲料中多种霉菌毒素并存的几率比较高，本研究以仔猪肠上皮细胞（IPEC-J2）为模型，研究黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）和呕吐毒素（DON）的叠加细胞毒性。细胞毒性试验选用AFB1、ZEA和DON三种毒素作为响应面Box-Behnke设计的三个因素，以AFB1：10、20、30 μg/L，ZEA：150、300、450 μg/L，DON：500、1000、1500 μg/L作为Box-Behnke设计的三个编码水平。利用响应面设计构建得到17组复合霉菌毒素组合，以其对IPEC-J2细胞活力的影响作为参考指标，得到对细胞损伤程度最高和最低的霉菌毒素添加比例。结果表明：经方程预测后，得到细胞活力最低（霉菌毒素毒性最高）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为30、150 μg/L和1500 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为32.32%|得到细胞活力最高（霉菌毒素毒性最低）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为10、150 μg/L和600 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为53.01%。该结果为多种霉菌毒素叠加毒性的研究提供了依据。 [关键词] IPEC-J2细胞|黄曲霉毒素B1|玉米赤霉烯酮|呕吐毒素|细胞毒性     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

Agrocenosis Stability during Long-Term Application of Fertilizers on Soddy-Podzolic Soil

Eurasian Soil Science - In a long-term field experiment in the western part of the nonchernozemic zone of Russia (Smolensk oblast) on sandy loamy soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Glossic Retisol...     

锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局演变及驱动因素分析

在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下，生态系统格局和质量都发生变化，而生态系统格局和质量的变化直接影响生态系统服务和人类福祉。锡林郭勒盟位于内蒙古中部地区，是京津冀地区的重要生态安全屏障，也是主要的畜产品供应地，研究锡林郭勒盟生态格局演变及驱动因素对于构建内蒙古北方生态安全屏障有重要意义。本研究利用遥感影像，通过分析2000和2015年生态系统类型和质量的变化，探讨资源开发、城市化发展、政策实施等多重因素对生态系统格局演变的作用。研究结果表明： 2000-2015年间锡林郭勒盟生态系统质量整体好转，草地生态系统质量中东部地区提高最为明显；草地、灌丛、城镇、裸地、湿地、森林、矿区面积有所增加，农田、沙地、水域面积有所减少；锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局和质量受到人为和自然因素的共同影响，其中，与降水正相关，与温度负相关。GDP与采矿用地显著正相关，退耕还草政策促使农田向草原转移。     

Preliminary assessment of large‐scale co‐culture of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) with the Babylon snail (Babylonia areolata) in earthen ponds and in raceways

Holothuria scabra (sandfish) and Babylonia areolata were trialed in two large‐scale co‐culture experiments. Experiment 1 assessed co‐culture in 4 × 400 m² earthen ponds where Babylonia were cultured in a central pen at a density of 400 individuals/m² with sandfish occupying the remaining pond space at 1.1 individuals/m². Sandfish grew from 18.20 ± 6.67 g to 119.03 ± 17.74 g in 92 days and Babylonia (fed trash fish in both experiments) grew from 0.90 ± 0.38 g to 4.93 ± 1.44 g, but Babylonia growth was not increased in co‐culture compared to monoculture. Water and sediment quality varied between co‐culture and monoculture ponds. Neither showed clear improvement due to sandfish culture. Experiment 2 compared non‐segregated sandfish‐Babylonia co‐culture with Babylonia monoculture in 20 m² concrete raceways. Sandfish were cultured at 2 individuals/m² and Babylonia at 300 individuals/m². Sandfish grew up to 1.91 g.day^?1 with 100% survival. Babylonia weight gain was significantly greater in co‐culture raceways (3.35 ± 0.64 g over 61 days), which was double that of Babylonia in monoculture. Substrate total N was reduced by 20% in co‐culture compared with monoculture (p = .032). This provisional study of commercial scale sandfish‐Babylonia co‐culture demonstrates culture compatibility, providing a basis for further system development.