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The intensive agricultural use of soils in the Brittany region (western France) has increased the need for a better understanding of soil water dynamics. The aim of the present study is to compare quantitatively the differences produced by two agricultural practices on soil hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) as well as the infiltration and drainage fluxes in the soils. This study was carried out on two experimental plots managed in the same way for 22 years. The two practices were continuous maize fertilized with mineral fertilizer, denoted as MX, and pasture within a ray-grass/maize rotation (3/1 year) with organic fertilization (pig slurry), denoted as PR. The study consisted of measuring soil physical properties in the laboratory and in the field, and estimating water infiltration in the soil of the two plots by recording water pressure heads after simulation of 2-h artificial rainfall with an intensity of 17 mm/h. We applied the van Genuchten model to describe the water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves (θ(h) and K(h)) for each soil horizon of the two plots. Hydrus-2D and ID softwares were used to construct a numerical model of water movement in the two soils. This model was used to quantify the infiltration rate, deep drainage and actual evaporation fluxes during the artificial rainfall experiment.The vertical influence of agricultural practices in both plots appears to be limited to the uppermost 35 cm. Deeper in the B horizon, there are only very slight differences in the hydraulic properties between the two plots. In the top soil horizons (H1–H5 and H6), the two soil properties mostly affected by practices are the hydraulic conductivity and the α parameter of the van Genuchten model. At the lowest pressure head studied here (−1.5 kPa), hydraulic conductivity in a given horizon differs by more than one order of magnitude between the two plots. The model reproduces quite satisfactorily the observed pressure heads in plot PR at all depths, in the rainy period as well as in the water redistribution period (efficiency >0.77). Results are less good for the MX plot, with efficiency ranging from 0.49 to 0.84 depending on the horizon. The different sources of simulation errors are identified and discussed. For the MX plot, the soil water movement model succeeds in reproducing the infiltration excess runoff observed in the field, allowing us to calculate that it accounts for 9% of the applied rainfall. No surface runoff or ponding appears in the PR plot during the artificial rainfall experiment. In the PR plot, the simulated deep drainage flux increases more rapidly than in the MX plot. The lower hydraulic conductivity in the top soil horizon of the MX plot compared with the PR plot appears to reduce the infiltration rate as well as the deep drainage flux. It also decreases the upward flow of water to the soil surface when the water content in the top soil layer is depleted by evaporation flux. The model simulation could be improved by a more precise representation of the soil structure, particularly the location, size and frequency of clods as well as the variability of hydraulic properties. However, we need to strike a balance between improving the quality of the simulation even further and the practical constraints and efforts involved in measuring the soil hydraulic properties.  相似文献   
2.
A total of 100 samples of poultry meat were collected in poultry farms in the vicinity of the Mbeubeuss landfill in the Niayes (Senegal) for microbiological and chemical analysis. Fifty-four (54) samples were collected in farms located less than 1 km from the landfill and 46 samples were collected in farms located a bit further (more than 1 km from the landfill). Microbiological quality was determined using techniques recommended by Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR). Lead and cadmium concentration in poultry meat was measured by flame spectrometry while total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Three percent (3%) of the samples’ quality were unsatisfactory for E. coli, 1% for Staphylococci and 7% for Salmonella spp. Poor meat quality was found either in farms located less than 1 km of the landfill or in farms located at more than 1 km of the landfill. Except for Salmonella, only meat samples from poultry receiving drinking water from well showed unsatisfactory microbiological quality. The samples were free of cadmium and lead but were contaminated by mercury. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of the samples contained mercury with a high contamination level (>0.011 mg/kg) in 20% of the samples. No significant difference was found between the farms that were nearest to and further away from the landfill while the source of drinking water seemed to be the main cause of contamination of poultry meat by mercury.  相似文献   
3.
Forest restoration is carried out with varying objectives in mind, one of which is biodiversity conservation. The present study examines the extent by which tree biodiversity could potentially be maximized in the context of the pan-African Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGW). Towards this end, ten indigenous tree species were selected for study in the Ferlo region in Northern Senegal based on previous ethnobotanical studies in the zone. The species included Acacia senegal, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana, Acacia seyal, Adansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Sclerocarya birrea, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus mauritiana. Germination experiments were first performed in the laboratory on seed lots from Senegal, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and South Africa prior to in situ sapling production in the nursery in Northern Senegal situated along the GGW. A split plot field design was employed and the effects of seed provenance (two per species) and the addition of organic fertilizer at the timing of planting were determined. Over the course of the 2 year experimental period, the newly planted trees, in addition to the naturally regenerating woody vegetation and herbaceous grasses were monitored in the fenced-in experimental field plot. Of the ten species, only B. aegyptiaca, A. tortilis subsp. raddiana, and S. birrea exhibited moderate survival rates. The effects of provenance and fertilizer addition were sporadic and species-dependent. Natural regeneration of woody species was abundant albeit characterized by low biodiversity whereas herbaceous grass species showed extensive biodiversity, especially under tree canopies as compared to open areas.  相似文献   
4.
Seedlings of S. robustus were exposed to increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300?mM) for 50, 100, and 150 days, in greenhouse conditions. Total dry weight and salt tolerance index decreased gradually with increasing NaCl concentrations. The optimum growth of S. robustus (4.12 to 5.25?g?·?plant?1) was obtained between 0 and 150?mM at 150 days after salt stress. Foliar chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents increased with NaCl concentration at 50 days after treatment. There was no significant effect of salinity on chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents at 100 and 150 days after treatment. Higher Na contents were found in the shoots as compared to the roots. The Na content increased, while K decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations, suggesting competitive inhibition between absorptions of Na and K as a consequence, the K/Na ratios in shoots and roots decreased with increasing salinity. The proline contents in S. robustus were more pronounced at 300?mM (2.02?µmol/g), 250?mM (2.64?µmol/g), and 200?mM NaCl concentrations (2.98?µmol/g) for 50, 100, and 150 days, respectively, as compared to the treatment without added NaCl. Overall, S. robustus could be considered as salt tolerant on the basis of their performance in biomass production, accumulation of Na, similar foliar chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, and accumulation of proline with increasing salinity. The potential ability of S. robustus to accumulate significant amounts of Na makes this halophyte promising as a desalinization tool of salted soils.  相似文献   
5.
为获知豆娘幼虫捕食对泥鳅幼体培育存活率的影响,采用捕食者与猎物间捕食效应的研究方法,研究了豆娘幼虫对泥鳅幼体的捕食作用。结果显示:1豆娘幼虫对泥鳅幼体的捕食功能反应属于Holling-Ⅱ型。豆娘幼虫对泥鳅幼体的瞬间攻击力a′、日最大捕食量1/Th随泥鳅幼体日龄的增加而降低,捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加;2豆娘幼虫规格不同对泥鳅幼体捕食效应存在显著差异,体长为(16.32±0.24)、(13.18±0.32)、(9.86±0.28)和(5.82±0.36)mm的4种规格豆娘幼虫对3日龄泥鳅幼体的瞬间攻击力和日最大捕食量分别为0.8349、0.5724、0.2002、0.0432和27.39、18.99、9.49、3.14条;3随着豆娘幼虫密度的增加,个体之间相互干扰,致使单个豆娘幼虫寻找猎物的时间减少,种内竞争条件下的捕食作用率(E)与自身密度(P)的函数关系式为;4随着泥鳅幼体和豆娘幼虫密度的增加,干扰作用明显增大,捕食作用率E下降,但对其捕食量影响不大,种间相互干扰反应模型为。研究表明,豆娘幼虫能大量捕食泥鳅幼体,是影响泥鳅幼体培育存活率的重要敌害生物。  相似文献   
6.
舟山群岛大鳞副泥鳅与台湾泥鳅的形态差异性分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
台湾泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)是台湾地区选育的泥鳅新品种,虽具有明显优于大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)的养殖性状,但在实际生产过程中往往会将这2种泥鳅混淆,为了科学识别形态特征相似的台湾泥鳅和舟山群岛大鳞副泥鳅,采用单因素方差分析、主成分分析和判别分析等多元分析方法定量比较舟山群岛大鳞副泥鳅与台湾泥鳅人工养殖群体的形态特征差异。结果显示:(1)2种泥鳅在本研究所涉24项形态评价指标中存在显著差异的达8项,两者在形态特征上具较好的区分度;(2)经主成分分析,提取到5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达75.463%,其中第1主成分为以营养生理状况、体型匀称程度为主导的体质强壮因子,第2主成分为以头部大小和胸鳍长短为主导的觅食运动功能因子,后3个主成分是与眼睛发达程度为主导的视野功能因子;(3)采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的8项形态评价指标为自变量,建立分类函数方程组。大鳞副泥鳅:func_1=-681.190+4.992x1+498.305x2+1778.188x3;台湾泥鳅:func2=-860.382+5.373x1+650.034x2+1894.839x3;所建判别函数可清晰区分舟山群岛大鳞副泥鳅与台湾泥鳅人工养殖群体,且判别准确率为100%。研究表明,虽然台湾泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅形态特征相似,但能利用形态指标建立判别函数对两者进行科学、快速的判别。  相似文献   
7.
Sy GY  Sarr A  Dièye AM  Faye B 《Fitoterapia》2004,75(5):447-450
Mitragyna inermis is used in the Senegal traditional medicine for treating stomach and intestinal disorders. At concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/ml, the aqueous extract of M. inermis bark (AEMIB) significantly induced a decrease of the ileal basal tonus, respectively, from 37+/-1, 51+/-1 and 75+/-2% (P<0.05; n=5), compared to the baseline values. As well as atropine, AEMIB inhibited submaximal contractions induced by 0.01 mg/ml ACh with IC(50) value of approximately 0.75 mg/ml (n=5). These results show that AEMIB possesses both myorelaxant and antispasmodic actions in the ileum. This may justify the pharmacological basis for the popular use of Mitragyna for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.  相似文献   
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