Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

斜纹夜蛾Toll受体基因的全基因组分析及其在杀虫剂抗性中的作用

利用公布的斜纹夜蛾基因组对TLRs基因进行全基因组分析,应用生物信息学工具分析斜纹夜蛾TLRs家族基因成员在鳞翅目害虫TLRs基因家族中的进化关系、组织表达特异性,结合转录组数据对农药反应敏感的TLRs进行基因表达及其调控网络进行分析,分析斜纹夜蛾Toll受体基因在杀虫剂抗性中的作用.结果表明:共分析出了7个TLRs基因,斜纹夜的TLRs家族基因与棉铃虫TLRs家族基因同源性较高.7个基因中的1个基因SLTLR3在肠道中高度表达,有5个TLRs基因对农药处理反应敏感.对农药反应敏感的TLRs进行基因表达和其网络进行分析,只发现了1个TLRs(SLTLR7)和其他30个基因之间的存在共表达关系,这些基因主要涉细胞表面受体信号途径、细胞定位、信号传导、细胞调控过程、生物调控过程.     

宁夏沙湖生态修复前后浮游植物群落结构变化与水质评价

以宁夏沙湖(东经106°19′6″～106°24′10″,北纬38°45′17″～38°49′42″)为研究对象,根据湖泊的地理状况布设了8个采样点,分别于2015年、2020年的7份月和10月份在沙湖湿地采样,按照浮游植物功能类群(FG)的划分方法将沙湖优势浮游植物划分16类;应用古生物学统计分析(PAST)软件计算香农-维纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数(H′)、皮洛(Pielou)均匀度指数(J),应用统计产品和服务解决方案(SPSS)软件对各样点生物指数进行单因素方差分析,应用电子表格软件(Excel)计算丰度、生物量、优势度指数;分析沙湖生态修复前(2015年)、后(2020年)的浮游植物群落结构特征和生物多样性变化,检验沙湖生态修复效果.结果表明:生态修复后沙湖浮游植物种类增加,由2015年7门38种及其变种增加为2020年8门147种及其变种;藻类丰度与生物量显著增加,7月份最为明显,分别增加了44倍和4倍;优势种,7月份从18种减少至8种,10月份从6种增加至10种;浮游植物群落结构由绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻-金藻型,变为蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻型,优势度指数比生态修复前普遍升高,优势功能群中适应富营养环境的种类所占比例下降;生态修复后香农-维纳多样性指数(H′)降低.对比分析表明,生态修复后的浮游植物群落,虽种类更丰富但存在均匀化现象,仍处于不稳定的状态,而且沙湖存在一定程度的富营养化.     

近五年我国进口巴西棉花质量分析

根据近五年实验室检测大数据,分析我国进口巴西棉花品质指标的主体范围,总结不同主体指标各等级分布情况及变化趋势.结果 表明,巴西棉花的品级、长度和马克隆值合同品质符合率高,但不同指标不同时间段品质符合率略有偏差.综合认为:近五年巴西棉花品质一致性好,主体品质占比大,主体指标范围品质符合率高.     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

不同微喷弥雾调控方式下微气候因子对极端干旱区葡萄果实生长及糖度的影响

通过对极端干旱区葡萄在不同微喷弥雾调控方式（WP1,架上喷水1 h;WP2，架下喷水1 h；WP3，地上喷水1 h）下微气候因子与葡萄果实生长形态及糖度的监测，分析葡萄园微气候因子变化规律及其与葡萄果实生长形态和糖度的关系。结果显示：采用微喷弥雾调控可有效降低葡萄园温度和增加湿度，与CK处理（常规滴灌，不喷水）相比，白天平均温度低2.9℃~3.3℃，平均温度低2.5℃~2.9℃，夜晚平均湿度高4.7%~5.5%，同时可促进葡萄果实生长和糖度累积，WP1、WP2和WP3与CK处理相比，果粒纵茎高出2.88、1.76、0.9 mm，果粒横茎高出1.33、1.80、1.76 mm，果粒均重高出0.22、0.26、0.25 g，糖度分别高出7.75%、3.96%和5.53%。在葡萄果实生长发育过程中，白天平均温度和平均温度是影响葡萄纵径和横径的关键微气候因子，晚上平均湿度是影响葡萄果实重量和糖度的关键微气候因子，在白天平均温度为30.4℃~33.8℃、晚上平均湿度为49.5%~50.5%时接近葡萄果实纵径、横径和果粒均重拟合值最大值。根据其相互关系和建立的回归模型，得出可以用白天平均温度、平均温度和晚上平均湿度对该地区葡萄生长和糖度变化进行分析和预测。     

黄沙鳖β-防御素基因克隆及其表达分析

[目的]明确β-防御素在黄沙鳖先天免疫中的潜在作用,为开展黄沙鳖绿色病害防治及促进其养殖业健康发展打下基础.[方法]运用RACE克隆黄沙鳖β-防御素基因(Hs-BD1)cDNA序列,采用SignalP-5.0、PredictProtein、PSIPRED、Robetta和Clustal X等在线软件进行生物信息学分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖不同组织中的表达特征及细菌感染前后的表达变化.[结果]Hs-BD1基因cDNA序列全长493 bp,包括72 bp的5'非编码区(5'-UTR)、201 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)及220 bp的3'非编码区(3'-UTR).Hs-BD1基因编码66个氨基酸残基,包括22个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽区、3个氨基酸残基组成的前肽区和41个氨基酸组成的成熟肽区.其中,成熟肽区具有6个保守的半胱氨酸残基(31Cys、58Cys、38Cys、52Cys、42Cys和59Cys)及位于C1和C2间的甘氨酸残基(Gly),即Hs-BD1基因属于β-防御素家族.Hs-BD1氨基酸序列与中华鳖β-防御素16的相似性最高(93.9%),基于β-防御素序列相似性构建的系统发育进化树也显示黄沙鳖与中华鳖和西部锦龟聚为一支,其亲缘关系相对较近.6个保守的半胱氨酸残基分别以C1-C5、C2-C4和C3-C6的连接方式形成3个二硫键;Hs-BD1成熟蛋白三级结构是由α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲组成.Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏中的相对表达量较高,在心脏、肠道、肌肉、脑组织和表皮中的相对表达量均较低;以温和气单胞菌攻毒后,Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖脾脏中的相对表达量呈上升—下降—上升—下降的变化趋势,在攻毒后第3和36 h共出现2个表达峰值,对应的相对表达量分别是攻毒前(0 h)的20.8和10.6倍,差异均极显著(P<0.01).[结论]Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖的多个组织中均有表达,尤其在肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏中的相对表达量较高,且可被温和气单胞菌感染诱导表达,说明Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖抵抗病原感染的过程中发挥调控作用.     

基于BERT+BiLSTM+CRF深度学习模型和多元组合数据增广的渔业标准命名实体识别

为解决渔业标准命名实体识别任务中部分实体语料分布稀疏导致的效果不佳问题,提出了基于多元组合数据增广(data augmentation method based on multiple combination,MCA)的渔业标准命名实体识别方法,该方法融合了基于领域词典的联合替换算法(joint replacement algorithm based on domain dictionary,DDR)、基于槽点保护的随机删除算法(random deletion algorithm based on slot protection,SPD)和基于槽点保护的随机插入算法(random insertion algorithm based on slot protection,SPI)进行语料库的数据增广,首先构建"水产品名称"同类词词典和领域同义词词典,通过两个词典分别对"水产品名称"类实体和随机词进行同类词替换和同义词替换,生成新的句子,以增加目标实体数量和句子的多样性,然后在基于槽点保护的情况下对原句子分别进行随机删除和随机插入操作,在保留实体及上下文特征的情况下进一步丰富语料的多样性,提高模型的泛化能力.结果表明,采用基于融合注意力机制的BERT+BiLSTM+CRF网络模型和多元组合数据增广方法进行渔业标准命名实体识别,准确率、召回率、F1值分别达到了91.73％、88.64％、90.16％,具有较好的效果.研究表明,基于多元组合数据增广的渔业标准命名实体识别方法有效解决了部分实体样本稀疏问题,提升了渔业标准命名实体识别的整体效果.     

珊瑚猴头液体菌种及对栽培效果的研究

设计单因素试验,调查菌种质量,筛选出最佳碳源为玉米粉,氮源为酵母粉;通过调整碳源含量设计6个碳氮比(10∶1～15∶1)液体菌种培养基配方,得到最佳碳氮比11∶1的配方(1 L)为玉米粉15 g、葡萄糖5 g、酵母粉5 g、马铃薯200 g、麦麸2 g、硫酸镁1.5 g、磷酸氢二钾3 g、VR1 0.01 g;采用该配方设计L25(4×54)正交试验,优化出最佳培养条件为装液量120 mL/250 mL,接种量是装液量的3.5％,接种菌龄7d,转速180 r/min,pH 5.0;在此结果基础上制备液体菌种,以固体菌种为对照,采用集成创新的出菇环境开展出菇试验,调查农艺性状,每袋鲜重提高26.22％、干重提高35.35％.     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.