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Lepidopteran pest control in agriculture has become heavily dependent on cultivars that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins as ‘plant-incorporated protectants’. However, populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in Brazil appear resistant to the Bt traits currently available in commercial soybean cultivars.  相似文献   
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AIMS: To determine current practices and attitudes towards vaccination of dogs and cats of veterinarians in New Zealand; the methods used for informing clients on which vaccines to use, and the preferred site for vaccination of cats.

METHODS: A postal questionnaire was sent to all 483 listed veterinary practices in New Zealand during February 2012. Some questions were specific to pet dogs, cats, or working farm dogs. Responses were categorised according to practice type and geographical region of the respondent. Factors associated with respondent recommendation of annual vaccination with modified live viral (MLV) vaccines were examined using logistic regression analysis. Vaccines that were considered to be essential for every animal were defined as core; those that may be recommended for animals whose location or lifestyle placed them at risk, were defined as non-core.

RESULTS: There were 204 useable returns, equivalent to a response rate of 42.2%, distributed across the country. Annual vaccination with MLV vaccines of dogs was recommended by 54/198 (27.3%) respondents, and of cats by 107/181 (59.1%) respondents. Factors associated with the recommendation of annual administration of MLV vaccines to dogs included being a companion animal practice, a desire for policies on vaccination to be left to individual clinics, and having one veterinarian in the practice. Administration of the final vaccination for puppies was recommended at ≥14 weeks old by 55/185 (29.7%) respondents, and for kittens at ≥13 weeks old by 42/183 (23%) respondents. Of respondents that administered MLV vaccines annually, 62/103 (60.2%) believed reducing the frequency of vaccination would reduce income, and 52/103 (50.5%) considered it would have a negative effect on animal health. Advice to enable clients to decide which non-core vaccines were administered was given by 181/199 (91%) respondents. Factors considered when recommending a vaccine included consideration of risk to individual patients (190/203; 93.6%), requirements of boarding kennels/catteries (165/203; 81.3%) and clinic vaccination policy (142/203; 70%). The preferred site for administering MLV vaccines to cats was the dorsal neck or inter-scapular region (137/198; 69.2%). Amongst respondents, 18 wanted disease surveillance information to allow for truly informed decisions to be made about vaccination.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Veterinarians can now compare their own vaccination practices and attitudes with those of veterinarians nationally, and internationally. There is a need for national surveillance information and for continued education of the public and commercial kennel and cattery owners for optimal vaccination strategies to be developed.  相似文献   

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Comparative Earth History and Late Permian Mass Extinction   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
The repeated association during the late Neoproterozoic Era of large carbon-isotopic excursions, continental glaciation, and stratigraphically anomalous carbonate precipitation provides a framework for interpreting the reprise of these conditions on the Late Permian Earth. A paleoceanographic model that was developed to explain these stratigraphically linked phenomena suggests that the overturn of anoxic deep oceans during the Late Permian introduced high concentrations of carbon dioxide into surficial environments. The predicted physiological and climatic consequences for marine and terrestrial organisms are in good accord with the observed timing and selectivity of Late Permian mass extinction.  相似文献   
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The migration and evolution of a deep ocean hydrothermal event plume were tracked with a neutrally buoyant RAFOS float. The float remained entrained in the plume for 60 days, and the plume vorticity was calculated directly from the anticyclonic motion of the float. Concentrations of suspended particles, particulate iron, and dissolved manganese in the plume did not decay significantly during the 60 days, which indicates that event plumes would be easily detectable a year after formation.  相似文献   
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Résumé Les parenchymes chlorophylliens, lieux de synthèses très actives, sont très riches en vitamines du groupe B, vitamines qui sont les éléments essentiels des coenzymes du métabolisme cellulaire. Dans la feuille d'épinard par exemple, on trouve, par kilogramme de substance sèche, en chiffres ronds, 20 mg de riboflavine, 14 mg de thiamine, 10 d'acide folique, 20 d'acide pantothénique, 65 d'acide nicotinique, 25 de pyridoxine. Dans un tissu étiolé comme le chou de Bruxelles, ces taux sont déjà deux fois plus faibles environ. Dans les tissus de réserve, où l'activité métabolique est très faible, les taux observés sont 10 ou 20 fois plus faibles; les vitamines restent à des taux élevés dans les germes des graines, tandis que les endospermes, les cotylédons, sont pauvres; la riboflavine devient 3 à 5 fois plus rare que la thiamine. Au moment de la germination, la riboflavine triple ou quadruple en quelques jours, les autres vitamines augmentent aussi, sauf la thiamine. Les jeunes germinations, les jeunes pousses sont des aliments riches en vitamines. Au moment de la formation du grain des céréales, les vitamines émigrent des feuilles, des tiges, vers le grain, lorsqu'il est encore jeune; le grain “laiteux” est riche en vitamines; le grain m?r, bourré d'amidon, est pauvre en vitamines. Les variétés à grains sucrés, à grains ridés, chez le ma?s, le pois, ont, pour ces raisons, à maturité, des taux de vitamines 3 à 10 fois plus élevés que les variétés amylacées. Les variétés de céréales sont d'autant plus riches en vitamines que le germe et son écusson, et aussi la couche à aleurone, sont plus gros.
Summary The chlorophyll parenchymes, highly active centres of synthesis, are very rich in “B”-vitamins. These vitamins constitute the essential substances of the coenzyme of the cell metabolism. In the spinach leaf e.g., one finds approximately 20 mg of riboflavine, 14 mg of thiamine, 10 mg of folic acid, 20 mg of panthotenic acid, 65 mg of nicotinic acid, and 25 mg of pyridoxine per 1 kg of dry matter. In etiolated tissue, such as brussel sprouts, these values are already approx. twice lower. In reserve tissue, where there is only very little metabolic activity, the ascertained values are by 10–20 times lower. In grain germs, on the other hand, the vitamin values are extremely high; there is, however, a scarcity in endosperms and in cotyledons. Riboflavine will be found 3–5 times less often than thiamine. During germination, riboflavine will multiply threefold or fourfold, and that within a few days time. The other vitamin values are also increased except for thiamine. Both young germs and young sprouts as foodstuff are very rich in vitamins. As the grain is developing, the vitamins wander off from the leaves and stalks to the grain, as long as that grain is still young. Thus, the “lacteous” grain is rich in vitamins. The ripened grain is rich in starch, but poor in vitamins. Therefore, in the case of maize (corn) and peas, sugar and rippled varieties, when ripe, have vitamin values that are approximately 3 to 10 times above those of amylaceous varieties. The bigger the germ, the husk and the aleurone layer are in varieties of cereals, the richer in vitamins they will be.

Zusammenfassung Die Chlorophyll-Parenchyme, sehr aktive Synthese-Zentren, sind sehr reich an Vitaminen der B-Gruppe. Diese Vitamine sind die wesentlichen Bestandteile der Coenzyme des Zell-Stoffwechsels. Im Spinatblatt z.B. findet man in 1 kg Trockensubstanz rund 20 mg Riboflavin, 14 mg Thiamin, 10 mg Fols?ure, 20 mg Pantothens?ure, 65 mg Nikotins?ure und 25 mg Pyridoxin. In etiolierten Geweben, wie z.B. beim Rosenkohl, sind diese Werte schon ungef?hr zweimal niedriger. In Reservegeweben, wo die Stoffwechselaktivit?t sehr gering ist, sind die beobachteten Werte 10 oder 20 mal geringer. In Kornkeimlingen sind die Vitaminwerte sehr hoch; sie liegen jedoch sehr niedrig im Endosperm und in den Cotyledonen. Riboflavin findet sich in drei bis fünfmal geringeren Mengen als Thiamin. Beim Keimen verdreifacht oder vervierfacht sich das Riboflavin in wenigen Tagen. Auch die übrigen Vitaminwerte steigen an, mit Ausnahme des Thiamins. Die jungen Keimlinge und die jungen Triebe sind sehr vitaminreiche Nahrungsmittel. Bei der Bildung des Getreidekorns wandern die Vitamine aus den Bl?ttern und Stengeln ab zum Korn, sofern bezw. solange es noch jung ist. Das “milchige” Korn ist reich an Vitaminen. Das reife Korn ist voller St?rke, aber vitaminarm. Zucker- und Runzelmais-Sorten und Mark-Erbsen haben daher bei Reife Vitaminwerte, die drei bis zehnmal h?her liegen als st?rkereiche Sorten. Die Getreidesorten sind umso reicher an Vitaminen, je gr?sser der Keimling, Randund Aleuronschichten der Caryopsen sind.
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