基于离子液体与超声波辅助提取普洱茶茶多酚的工艺优化

本试验利用新型绿色环保溶剂离子液体(1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐,[BMIM]Br)为提取溶剂,采用超声波辅助提取普洱茶中茶多酚.在以[BMIM]Br浓度、提取时间、提取率及料液比为单因素的试验基础上,进行响应面法优化普洱茶茶多酚的提取工艺.确定最佳提取工艺为:[BMIM]Br浓度0.3 mol/L,料液比1:30,提取时间20 min,超声波功率590 W.在此条件下,普洱茶茶多酚的提取率为8.40％.离子液体与超声波协同作用有效提升了普洱茶茶多酚的提取率,为茶叶中茶多酚的提取工艺提供了新的参考.     

不同吸附特性的稻草生物炭对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响

秸秆生物炭具有改善土壤生态环境、土壤蓄水保肥和减少温室气体排放等正效应,但其石灰效应会加大稻田氨挥发损失。为充分发挥生物炭吸铵特性,降低其石灰效应的不利影响,对不同热解温度(300、500、700℃)和酸化水平(pH值=5、7、9)稻草生物炭处理下的田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发和水稻产量进行了研究。结果表明:偏酸性(pH值=5)、中性(p H值=7)生物炭处理在基肥期和分蘖肥期均能显著降低田面水NH_4~+-N峰值浓度(P0.05),降幅达16.90%～35.60%。全生育期稻田氨挥发损失占施氮量的15.14%～26.05%(2019年)、15.10%～19.00%(2020年)。稻田增施热解温度为700℃、酸化水平为5(p H值=5)的生物炭(C700P5)降氨效果最好,两年氨挥发分别显著降低22.93%、12.61%(P0.05)。高温热解配合偏酸性、中性生物炭(C700P5、C700P7)增产效果显著,增产率达9.92%～13.50%,结构方程模型表明,其增产原因是生物炭酸化处理降低了稻草生物炭的石灰效应,而热解温度调整提高了生物炭阳离子交换量(CationExchange Capacity,CEC),进而降低了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,最终提高了水稻地上部氮素积累和水稻产量。研究可揭示不同热解温度和酸化水平制备的生物炭在稻田中的应用潜力,并为稻田合理施用生物炭和减少化肥施用量提供理论依据。     

TCD燃烧系统对柴油机燃烧和排放性能改善效果的试验研究

为探究道依茨TCD2015柴油机上配备的导流燃烧系统(简称TCD燃烧系统,T表示涡轮增压器,Turbocharger,C表示进气中冷,Charge air cooling,D为柴油颗粒捕集器,Diesel particle filter)对改善柴油机燃烧性能和降低污染物排放的效果,采用单缸机试验对TCD燃烧系统在不同转速、负荷和过量空气系数下的燃烧和排放性能进行研究。试验结果表明不同工况下TCD燃烧系统燃油消耗率和Soot排放量均低于传统ω燃烧系统,燃油消耗率最大降幅为7.01%,Soot排放量最大降幅为86.67%,且低过量空气系数(1.2～1.6)下TCD燃烧系统仍具有较好的性能。为揭示TCD燃烧系统改善油气混合促进燃烧的机理,采用AVL Fire软件建立了柴油机性能仿真模型。计算结果表明,TCD燃烧系统的环状凸起结构将燃油导向内外两室,从而促进了缸内燃油发展过程,燃油当量比大于4的浓混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为9.75%,活塞下移时TCD燃烧系统内油束撞击浅盘侧壁形成撞壁射流扩大了燃油扩散面积,从而改善了缸内油气混合质量,燃油当量比小于1的均匀混合气区域燃油质量比例相比ω燃烧系统降幅最大为7.45%,因此TCD燃烧系统能够有效改善柴油机的燃烧和排放性能,可应用于柴油机高负荷和低过量空气系数工况综合性能提升。研究结果可为柴油机燃烧系统开发和改进提供参考。     

高压直流接地极对埋地管道腐蚀的影响和管控思考

高压直流输电、油气长输管道建设促进了全国范围内的能源优化配置,但高压直流接地极放电对埋地管道的强直流干扰问题应该引起足够关注。为进一步加强相关风险管控,回顾中国高压直流输电网的发展历程,对高压直流接地极放电影响管道的典型特点进行分析,结合当前实际提出后续风险管控的发展方向。研究结果表明:邻近油气长输管道路由的高压直流输电线路和接地极对管道的影响具有干扰时间不确定、干扰机理复杂、干扰程度大及缓解困难的特点,是管道当前面临的突出安全风险。高压直流输电网调试或故障运行过程中,接地极单极放电会加速管道腐蚀。后续应从加强沟通协调和联合测试,深化腐蚀机理和规律研究,采取综合治理措施等方面提升检测、研究及治理水平,全方位保障国家能源通道的安全稳定。     

Agrocenosis Stability during Long-Term Application of Fertilizers on Soddy-Podzolic Soil

Eurasian Soil Science - In a long-term field experiment in the western part of the nonchernozemic zone of Russia (Smolensk oblast) on sandy loamy soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Glossic Retisol...     

苗期调控对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

针对冬小麦因播期推迟造成产量损失的问题,以2个不同分蘖能力的冬小麦品种中麦8号和航麦501为供试材料,研究苗期覆膜和补施氮肥对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响。试验设置3个播期：10月5日适期播种（S0,对照）、10月15日适当晚播（S1）和10月25日过晚播（S2）。结果表明：随着播期推迟,小麦产量逐渐降低。晚播条件下,苗期覆膜和补施氮肥可调控冬小麦产量构成因素、农艺性状、茎蘖生长、成穗率以及氮素的吸收利用。综合而言,晚播条件下,覆膜和补施氮肥有利于提高小麦穗长、总小穗数及冬前群体数量;同时,覆膜可显著提高2个品种晚播条件下的分蘖成穗率和过晚播条件下的植株氮素积累量（PNA）及氮肥偏生产力（PFP）,增幅分别为46.4%~89.1%、12.7%~26.5%和19.5%~20.1%;补施氮肥在过晚播条件下有利于成穗率的提高,增幅为18.5%~34.7%。2种调控措施均有利于增加晚播小麦产量,增幅达1.4%~19.5%。但不同分蘖力的小麦对2种调控措施的响应存在差异。综合考虑产量及氮素利用等各方面因素,在晚播条件下,相比于补施氮肥,苗期覆膜更有利于提高晚播小麦产量,弥补晚播造成的产量损失,但在实际操作和节约生产成本方面,前者优于后者。     

通过转化脂肪酸去饱和酶基因AcoFAD2提高菠萝植株的抗寒能力

为培育抗寒菠萝新品种,本研究通过比较菠萝脂肪酸去饱和酶基因序列和拟南芥脂肪酸去饱和酶基因序列,筛选获得目标基因AcoFAD2;通过农杆菌转化菠萝'台农17'获得过表达AcoFAD2转基因植株TN17FAD2-3;转基因植株和对照在低温条件下进行培养,鉴定转基因植株和对照的不饱和脂肪酸含量及抗寒能力.结果 发现组培苗在7℃条件下处理5d然后转入26℃生长一周,TN17FAD2-3第四片叶坏死比例为(5±1)％,只转化空载体的对照TN17-EV第四片叶坏死比例为(97±2)％.组培苗在7℃条件下生长5d,然后转入26℃生长15d.TN17FAD2-3第二片叶叶面积为(2.15±0.2) cm2,TN17-EV第二片叶叶面积为(0.06±0.01) cm2.TN17FAD2-3的叶片不饱和脂肪酸含量(16∶3+18∶3)为(77.5±0.7)％,对照TN17-EV叶片不饱和脂肪酸(16∶3+18∶3)含量为(58.6±0.8)％.TN17FAD2-3的叶片不饱和脂肪酸含量高于只转化空载体的对照TN17-EV.低温条件下,TN17FAD2-3比TN17-EV生长快,TN17FAD2-3株系比TN17-EV具有更高的抗寒性,载体UBI-pCAMBIA1301不能提高菠萝植株的抗寒能力,通过转化脂肪酸去饱和酶基因AcoFAD2能够提高菠萝植株的抗寒性能,本研究为快速培育抗寒菠萝新品种提供理论基础.     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.