The end consumer’s choice of floorcovering in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom: a comparative pilot study of substitute competition

In order to understand the competitive situation of wood, it is essential to consider the end consumer of building materials. The knowledge of factors affecting the end consumers choice of building material for specific purposes, i.e., the mechanisms of substitute competition, is limited. Field studies of the British and Dutch floorcovering markets revealed that context, usage context as well as the general life situation, is of crucial importance in substitute competition. This contextual character severely limits the usefulness and adequacy of interviews with fixed-reply alternatives, as well as classical statistical methods of analysis. In this article, a qualitative approach to data gathering is combined with multivariate analysis. The results indicate that by using this methodology it is possible to determine which are the decisive predictors of material preferences, make cross-cultural comparisons, and apprehend the underlying motives or perspectives. The results further show that, unlike the other floorcovering materials studied, the determinant reasons for choosing wood appear to be exclusively nonfunctional in nature.     

Total-and NO3-nitrogen level in different parts of the potato haulm as an index of nutritional status

Summary Changes in total- and NO₃-nitrogen ratios in different plant parts, due to fertilizer rates and stage of development are shown. The importance of considering the stage of development when pioposing critical levels, is emphasized. A fairly strong relationship between nitrogen ratio and yield was found for the total-nitrogen ratio of petioles and leaflets of upper leaves at mid-season (stage of flowering). A weaker, but still significant relationship, was obtained for NO₃-nitrogen in corresponding samples. At late season, about 20 days after mid-season, the relationship between yield and nitrogen ration was weaker. A comparison was made between the critical levels for potato petioles proposed earlier, and results obtained in the present study.

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Zusammenfassung In Feldversuchen wurden die Ver?nderungen im Gesamtstickstoff- und im NO₃-Stickstoff-Verh?ltnis (in Prozent der Trockensubstanz) in verschiedenen Teilen des Kartoffelkrautes und bei verschiedenen Düngergaben studiert. Der Zweck der Versuche war, die M?glichkeit einer Anwendung von Pflanzenanalysen für Ern?hrungsstudien bei der Kartoffel abzukl?ren. Die Angaben über die verwendeten Düngermengen und das Alter der Pflanzen anl?sslich der Probenentnahme sind in den TABELLEN 1 und 2 zusammengestellt. Aus den TABELLEN 3 und 4 ist zu ersehen, welche Pflanzenteile für die chemischen Analysen gebraucht wurden. Der Bereich der Stickstoffwerte war im Leitgewebe gew?hnlich gr?sser als in den Blatteilen. Die Düngungsstufen kamen-vom Ende der Vegetationszeit abgesehen-in allen analysierten Pflanzenteilen deutlich zum Ausdruck (TABELLEN 3 und 4). Grosse Ver?nderungen im Gesamtstickstoff- und NO₃-Stickstoff-Verh?ltnis wurden w?hrend kleinen Zeitintervallen gefunden (TABELLE 5), was die Notwendigkeit einer kurzen und genau umschriebenen Zeitperiode für die Probenentnahme hervorhebt. Eine ziemlich gute Relation zwischen Stickstoff-Verh?ltnis und Ertrag wurde für das Gesamtstickstoff-Verh?ltnis in Blattstielen und Bl?ttchen der oberen Bl?tter in der Mitte der Vegetationsperiode (zur Blütezeit) ermittelt. Eine weniger deutliche, aber immer noch signifikante Relation wurde für NO₃-Stickstoff in den entsprechenden Mustern gefunden (TABELLE 6). Gegen Ende der Vegetationsperiode, ungef?hr 20 Tage nach der Mitte dieser was die Relation zwischen Ertrag und Stickstoff-Verh?ltnis weniger ausgepr?gt. Zwischen früher vorgeschlagenen kritischen Werten und den in den vorliegenden Untersuchungen erhaltenen Ergebnissen wurden Vergleiche angestellt. Daraus ergab sich der Hinweis, dass unter Berücksichtigung der Wachstumsbedingungen, die w?hrend der geschilderten Versuche herrschten, die früher angegebenen kritischen Werte unn?tig hoch sind.

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Résumé L’auteur a étudié dans des expériences au champ les changements dans les proportions d’azote total et d’azote nitrique (en pourcent de matière sèche) dans les différentes parties de la fane avec différented quantités de fertilisants. La recherche visait à déterminer la possibilité d’utiliser l’analyse des plantes comme moyen d’études de la nutrition de la Pomme de terre. Les TABLEAUX 1 et 2 résument les données sur les quantités de fertilisants utilisés et sur l’age des plantes au moment des prélèvements d’échantillons. Un examen des TABLEAUX 3 et 4 montre quelles parties des plantes ont été utilisées pour les analyses chimiques. Les valeurs en azote sont habituellement plus élevées dans les tissus conducteurs que dans les parties de feuille. Sauf à la fin de la période de végétation, les quantités de fertilisants appliqués sont clairement marquées dans toutes les parties de la plante analysées (TABLEAUX 3 et 4). On trouve (TABLEAU 5) de grands changements dans les proportions d’azote total et d’azote nitrique pendant de courtes périodes de temps, ce qui met en évidence le besoin d’une brève période bien définie de prélèvement d’échantillons. On trouve une assez bonne corrélation entre la proportion d’azote total et la production pour ce qui concerne la proportion d’azote total dans les pétioles et les folioles des feuilles supérieures au moment de la pleine végétation (floraison). Une corrélation plus faible mais encore significative se constate pour l’azote nitrique dans les échantillons correspondants (TABLEAU 6). A la fin de la période de végétation, quelque 20 jours après la pleine végétation, la corrélation entre production et proportion d’azote est plus faible. L’auteur fait une comparaison des valeurs critiques antérieurement proposées et des résultats obtenus dans la présente étude. Il obtient des indications que sous les conditions de croissance rencontrées dans les présentes expériences, les quantités critiques proposées antéricurement sont inutilement élevées.

     

Nordic forest management towards climate change mitigation: time dynamic temperature change impacts of wood product systems including substitution effects

European Journal of Forest Research - Climate change mitigation trade-offs between increasing harvests to exploit substitution effects versus accumulating forest carbon sequestration complicate...     

Correction to: Nordic forest management towards climate change mitigation: time dynamic temperature change impacts of wood product systems including substitution effects

European Journal of Forest Research -     

Condensed tannins from Sesbania sesban and Desmodium intortum as a means of Haemonchus contortus control in goats

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the proanthocyanidin (condensed tannin)-containing forage legumes Desmodium intortum cv Greenleaf and Sesbania sesban (accession 15019) could be integrated into a feeding management strategy as a means of Haemonchus contortus control in goats. The anthelmintic effects of condensed tannin extracts from the two legumes on H. contortus L₃ larvae were studied in an in vitro larval migration inhibition system. The extracts inhibited larval migration in a dose-dependent manner, and at concentrations from 1,000???g/ml condensed tannin, the extract from D. intortum caused a significantly higher inhibition of larval migration than did the corresponding concentrations of the S. sesban extract (P?<?0.01). Prolonged feeding of tanniniferous forage legumes showed that animals receiving D. intortum had the lowest total worm burden, the lowest female to male parasite ratio, the lowest number of eggs in the uterus of each female worm and the lowest per capita fecundity (P?<?0.01). However, there was no change in the performance (weight gain) of parasite-infected goats probably due to incomplete removal of the parasite or prolonged confinement of goats in small pens, which calls for further investigation. However, since there is no single efficient method in control of parasites, based on the obtained data from this experiment, integrated feeding of D. intortum with other suitable method of parasite control is thus suggested.     

The effect of temperature on sensory quality,chemical composition and growth of carrots (Daucus carota L.). III. Different diurnal temperature amplitudes

Summary

Data from experiments with carrots grown in phytotrons under different day and night temperatures at two locations in Norway and three harvesting dates were treated by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). No effect of the single temperature amplitudes were found, the significant main effects were due to the mean temperature levels of 12 and 188C, location and harvest date. The PCA visualized the effect of mean temperature level on sensory, chemical and physical variables. Differences between the two groups were mainly caused by variation in sensory variables, the first group being characterized by high score for whiteness, sweetness, acidic taste, crispness, juiciness, glucose, fructose and root length. The other group had a high score for colour, odour, overall taste and flavour parameters, firmness, dry matter, sucrose, a and b-carotene, root weight and root diameters.     

THE RUSSIAN SEAFOOD REVOLUTION: SHIFTING CONSUMPTION TOWARDS AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS

A food consumption revolution is taking place in Russia. After decades of severe constraints on food consumption options under the communist regime Russian consumers are now adopting new food products—including seafood products – at a high pace. Since Russian consumers have previously had very limited seafood consumption choices, the market can be seen as an interesting laboratory for investigating consumer responses to products that have previously not been available. Among imported seafood products are both wild and farmed species. Furthermore, Russian imports include both traditional species such as herring, and ‘new’ species such as pangasius. We analyze market integration among seafood products using Russian monthly import prices from 2002 to 2007 on several products, such as herring, salmonids and pangasius. We find that pangasius compete in the white fish segment, and is a price leader. In the salmonids market, farmed salmon trout appears to be the price leader, both in the fresh and frozen market segment.     

Live chilling of Atlantic salmon: physiological response to handling and temperature decrease on welfare

Investigation of the physiological effects of live chilling in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, has been performed in two experiments. In the first, fish (mean weight 840 g) acclimatized to either 16, 8, or 4°C were directly transferred horizontally or vertically (9 combinations) to water temperatures of 16, 8, 4, or 0°C using a dip net. Blood samples were collected at 1 and 6 h (h) post-transfer. In the second experiment, fish (mean weight 916 g) acclimatized to 16°C were exposed to four temperature-drop regimes (no physical handling): 16–4°C (over 5 h), 16–4°C (over 1 h), 16–0°C (over 5 h), and 16–0°C (over 1 h). Blood samples were collected 1 h post-temperature drop. Physical transfers in the first trial, i.e., temperature drops, resulted in immediate (1 h) increases in blood lactate concentrations at all three temperatures, but levels were significantly reduced and close to pre-transfer levels after 6 h. Horizontal transfers, i.e., 16–16°C, 8–8°C, and 4–4°C, resulted in similar increases and were not significantly different from the groups exposed to temperature drops. The most severe vertical transfer (16-0) resulted in a swift loss of equilibrium and eventually death. In experiment 2, temperature drops from 16 to 4°C and from 16 to 0°C over a period of one or 5 h, without physically handling the fish, resulted in no significant increases in any of the measured parameters 1 h post-transfer, except in the 16–0 (1 h) group. The latter experienced a significant increase in blood sodium, glucose, lactate, and cortisol levels compared to all other groups. The results suggest that salmon are capable of tolerating relatively steep temperature drops without any significant negative effects on blood stress parameters and that physical stress from handling overrides the effect of thermal insults.     

Changes in trimethylamine oxide and trimethylamine in muscle of wild and farmed cod (Gadus morhua) during iced storage

Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is found at high levels in wild Atlantic cod. Trimethylamine oxide is reduced to trimethylamine (TMA) during iced storage. In this study, the levels of TMAO and TMA in wild and farmed cod and the impact of storage, gender and season on these levels were investigated. Wild cod had higher levels of TMAO than farmed cod. Wild cod also had higher levels of TMA after 15 days of iced storage. Farmed cod were found to have levels of TMA‐N <5 mg/100 g after 15 days of iced storage, which is below the maximum permitted level for fresh fish. Therefore, TMA appears to be an unsuitable measure of freshness in farmed cod. Female farmed cod had higher levels of TMAO than male farmed cod; no such difference between genders was found in wild cod. Female and male farmed cod had similar levels of TMA after post‐mortem iced storage. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) of female farmed cod was higher than that seen in male cod and this may be the underlying reason for the differences in muscle TMAO. Levels of TMAO in male farmed cod were higher during the autumn and were correlated with a larger HSI during the same period.     

Determination of some toxic and essential metal ions in medicinal and edible plants from Mali

Plants are used in different ways in Mali, among those as medicine and as food. The monitoring of metals in the plants is of great importance for protecting the public from the hazards of possible toxic effects and also for informing the population about the nutritional value of the plants. The concentrations of some toxic and essential metal ions were surveyed in seven medicinal and edible plants from Mali. Dry ashing of the plant material and subsequent use of atomic absorption spectrophotometry were the analytical methodologies used. Iron, manganese, and zinc were found in high concentrations in some of the plants, i.e., 1.4 and 1.5 mg/g iron in Cuminum cyminum and Bombax costatum, respectively, 243 microg/g manganese in Hibiscus sabdariffa, and 62.8 and 67.1 microg/g zinc in Spilanthes oleracaea and B. costatum, respectively, whereas cobalt and cadmium were not detected in any of the plant material studied. The other ions detected, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cu, were present in minor amounts, in the ranges of 2.2-17.2 microg/g for Cr, 1.6-8.1 microg/g for Ni, 0.7-5.2 microg/g for Pb, and 2.4-17.1 microg/g for Cu. From a toxicological point of view, none of these plants would be harmful for the user by taking in the plant material in the traditional manner, which is preparing an infusion of the plant using amounts not adding up to those necessary to reach a harmful level of the metal ions detected. The plants B. costatum and C. cyminum could be of interest as sources for iron for humans in the case of too low of a level of hemoglobin.