耕作方式与施肥对旱农区粮饲兼用玉米耗水特性和干物质积累的影响

采用大田试验,在全膜双垄沟播技术的基础上,比较研究了4种耕作方式(T1:传统翻耕,T2:旋耕,T3:深松耕,T4:免耕)搭配2种施氮水平(N2:施纯氮200 kg·hm~(-2),N3:施纯氮300 kg·hm~(-2))下对玉米耗水特性和干物质积累的影响。结果表明:与施氮量相比,耕作方式对耗水量和土壤贮水消耗量影响显著;深松耕降低了玉米播种至拔节期的阶段耗水量,提高了拔节至灌浆期的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例;播种至拔节期深松耕较传统翻耕0~30 cm土层的贮水消耗量减少了35.3%,拔节至开花期和开花至灌浆期,30~110 cm土层贮水消耗量增加了54.2%和20.5%;玉米不同生育时期各器官的干物质积累量都表现为深松耕+施纯氮300 kg·hm~(-2)最高,是生物产量和籽粒产量最高的处理,深松耕+施纯氮300 kg·hm~(-2)和深松耕+施纯氮200 kg·hm~(-2)处理间差异不显著;免耕+施纯氮200 kg·hm~(-2)处理的水分利用效率最高,与深松耕+施纯氮300 kg·hm~(-2)处理相比差异不显著。在综合考虑高产以及对水分和肥料的高效利用的条件下,基于全膜双垄沟播技术,深松耕+施纯氮200 kg·hm~(-2)是陇中旱农区适宜的生产方式。     

小规模渔业日常数据收集的分层抽样方案设计

利用分层抽样方法进行海洋捕捞渔业统计,能客观有效地收集相关渔业数据,并能推算出各捕捞作业类型的渔获量。本文介绍了分层抽样的设计方案,着重对如何收集捕捞渔业结构信息,如何对总捕获量、单位日渔获量、效益以及捕获鱼种统计的计算方法进行了概述,对渔业统计人员如何开展抽样调查发挥一定指导作用。     

First report of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus onMiscanthus in the United Kingdom

Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) was detected in field grownMiscanthus sacchariflorus propagated from root cuttings. Inoculation of BYDV toM. sinensis plants grown from seed had an adverse effect on shoot growth and leaf development.     

Use of irradiated pollen as mentor pollen to induce self-fertilization of two self-incompatible Upper Amazon cacao clones

Summary Two self-incompatible Upper Amazon cacao clones, T85/799 and T79/501, were pollinated with compatible Amelonado pollen subjected to varying doses of gamma irradiation (10–100 Gy). The proportion of flat non-viable beans to fully formed, viable beans in the pods increased with an increase in dosage of gamma rays. At 60 Gy all the beans produced were flat and non-viable, beyond this dosage fruit set was zero. Pollinating the self-incompatible cacao clones with a 1 : 1 mixture of compatible mentor pollen irradiated at 60 Gy and normal self pollen produced a mixture of flat, non-viable beans and fully-formed viable beans. Similar experiments using irradiated pollen with a marker gene suggested that the fully-formed viable beans resulted from selfing. Increasing the proportion of the radiation-treated compatible pollen in the mixture increased the number of fully-formed beans. However, when compatible pollen which had been treated either at 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35° C, 40° C and 45° C for periods of five, ten and fifteen minutes in factorial combination were mixed with self pollen, no successful pollinations were achieved. Pollen viability tests indicated that, whilst pollen treated at 60 Gy were about 50% viable, those treated at either 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35–45° C were mostly not viable. This suggests that, to overcome the incompatibility in cacao, the tubes of the mentor pollen grains used should at least grow into the style. The possible causes for overcoming the self-incompatibility in cacao are discussed.     

Development of superior cassava cultivars in Ghana by farmers and scientists: The process adopted, outcomes and contributions and changed roles of different stakeholders

Summary A participatory breeding programme involving farmers in two Ghanaian communities and scientists from CRI (Ghana) and NRI (UK) to develop superior cassava cultivars is described. Initial situation analyses of the communities indicated that cassava is increasing in importance both as a food and a cash crop. Most farmers utilised landraces of cassava; modern varieties were scarcely mentioned. Seeds of 16 half-sib families obtained from a crossing block in Nigeria at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were planted in a field in each community. During seedling and subsequent clonal generations, accessions selected either by farmers or scientists were retained to the next generation. This selection process has identified 29 superior accessions from amongst 1350 original seedlings. Farmers were relatively consistent in their selection from year to year and their selections corresponded with their stated criteria. Official variety release requires additional multilocational and inspection trials and postharvest assays but otherwise seems harmonious with a participatory breeding approach; our early involvement of farmers may facilitate early release, an important factor in cost-effectiveness. A stakeholder workshop confirmed the need for improved markets for cassava; surveys of current and potential markets have led to field trials with cassava processors. Adoption of a participatory approach, with farmers and scientists taking on new roles and decentralisation of activities, implies a concomitant transfer of influence and resources.     

种植模式对旱地玉米光合特性和产量的影响

为进一步优化陇中半干旱区玉米高产栽培技术,提高有限水土资源利用效率,2014—2015年采用田间试验,研究了玉米马铃薯间作和单作下全膜沟垄作、全膜平作和露地平作对玉米抽雄期光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)及子粒产量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同种植模式下玉米抽雄期叶片Pn和Tr的日变化均呈先升后降的单峰曲线,峰值出现在中午12∶00左右,全膜沟垄作高于平作和露地,间作高于单作;全膜沟垄作玉米间作马铃薯下的玉米Pn、Tr和Gs均最高。(2)全膜沟垄作、全膜平作和露地平作的玉米间作马铃薯,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,以全膜沟垄作玉米间作马铃薯优势最为突出,其间作下玉米子粒产量为5 451.35kg·hm~(-2),较露地间作提高了66.00%,特别是在降水量偏少的年份,增产效果更明显。因此,在陇中雨养农业区进一步提高玉米产量和水土资源利用效率,引入间作是可行的,全膜沟垄作玉米间作马铃薯是较佳的种植模式。     

连续14年保护性耕作对土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的影响

依托于2001年布设在陇中黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区的保护性耕作定位试验,于2014年测定了5种保护性耕作(免耕+秸秆覆盖NTS、免耕NT、传统耕作+秸秆翻埋TS、传统耕作+地膜覆盖TP和免耕+地膜覆盖NTP)和传统耕作T处理下小麦-豌豆双序列轮作中表层土壤(0~5、5~10、10~30 cm)总有机碳(SOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)在作物生育期前后的变化。结果表明:土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳在土壤剖面上均随着土层深度的增加而降低;相比传统耕作T,NTS和TS处理能显著提高0~30 cm土层中SOC、LFOC的含量,在作物播种前较T分别提高了19.51%、64.58%和13.36%、42.08%,在收获后分别提高了28.00%、85.37%和18.61%、77.82%,而SOC、LFOC含量NT和TP处理与T处理间差异不显著;从作物播种前至收获后,各处理下0~30 cm土层SOC含量均有减小趋势,其中NTS和TS处理变化量最小,NT和TP处理加大了作物生育期间SOC和LFOC的消耗;LFOC可以灵敏地反应出土壤有机碳的变化。因此,在该区推行以免耕、秸秆覆盖为主的保护性耕作措施更有利于碳的积累和土壤质量的改善,促进该区农业的可持续发展。