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This study investigated the transmission efficiency of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by four potato colonizing aphid species, Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aphis gossypii and Aphis fabae, reported from leaves and yellow water trap. Physalis floridana was used as a test plant for virus transmission. DAS-ELISA was used for virus screening of samples as well as virus detection on the test plant after transmission experiment. A 2-h period was sufficient for the tested aphids to acquire PLRV virions. However, a difference in the transmission potential occurred according to the aphid species. The highest potential was recorded for M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, at 90 and 80%, respectively. For the first time, the study revealed the PLRV transmission efficiency of A. fabae, estimated at 50%. The lowest potential rate of 30% was recorded for A. gossypii. This study highlights the PLRV transmission capacities of four potato colonizing aphids suspected to play a key role in the spread of PLRV in potato seed production sites.  相似文献   
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To evaluate the effect of anthropogenic pollution on fish reproduction in Bizerta lagoon, one of the largest Tunisian lagoons subjected to various anthropogenic and industrial pressures, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonad histology of mature black goby (Gobius niger) were studied. Fish were collected during the breeding seasons from six stations differently impacted and in one reference station located at the seaward entrance of Ghar el Melh (GH) lagoon. In both sexes, we detected the presence of an overall weaker GSI in Bizerta lagoon than in control fish. These GSI alterations were accompanied by histopathological changes. In females, no significant differences in oocyte size were found across all the sample sites. However, a higher incidence of oocyte lesions (atretic oocytes, cytoplasmic retraction and karyoplasmic cluping) was found in stations located near agricultural activity zones. Histological observation of the testes revealed, as well, abnormalities in Bizerta lagoon fish: germ cells syncytium, vacuolated germ cells, melano-macrophage center and increase of gaps in the interstitium between lobules were detected with a high prevalence in stations influenced by industrial and/or urban activities. In addition, association between gonad fish histopathology and the presence of organic pollutants (DTT, PAHs and organotins) in sediment was noted. These results suggest that the chemical pollution in this lagoon may have adversely affected the gonad development of fish. In conclusion, this study is the first histological evidence of reproduction disturbance related to pollution pressure in a fish species inhabiting Bizerta lagoon. The high levels of gonad histopathology recorded raise concerns about the long-term health of fish populations in this lagoon.  相似文献   
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Polyketide 13 [=2-hydroxy-5-((6-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)methyl)-2-propylchroman-4-one] and three related known compounds 7, 9 and 11 were obtained and structurally characterized from Streptomyces sundarbansensis strain, an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the Algerian marine brown algae Fucus sp. Compound 13 was obtained as the major metabolite from optimized culture conditions, by using Agar state fermentation. Due to tautomeric equilibrium, 13 in CD3OD solution was able to incorporate five deuterium atoms, as deduced by NMR and ESI-MS/MS analysis. The 2-hydroxy-γ-pyrone form was established for these metabolites based on the comparison of their experimental IR spectra with the DFT calculated ones, for both the corresponding 4-hydroxy-α-pyrone and 2-hydroxy-γ-pyrone forms. During antibacterial evaluation, compound 13 stood out as the most active of the series, showing a selective activity against the gram positive pathogenic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, MIC = 6 μΜ), with a bacteriostatic effect.  相似文献   
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The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of application of calcium silicate and salinity singly, on plant growth and nutritional behavior and photosynthetic pigments of tomato. Application of sodium chloride (NaCl) induced significant reduction in plant development and growth parameters. Salt stress also led to an accumulation of sodium (Na+) and a decrease in potassium (K+) concentration. Reduction of chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves were amongst other symptoms in salt-affected plants in 2 cultivars. Rio Grande was qualified as salt sensitive and Moneymaker as the salt tolerant genotype. Application of Silicon (Si) only improved plant behaviour as compared to control. Furthermore, Si induced ameliorative effects on the growth potential of NaCl stressed plants. This Si-ameliorative effect on plant varied depending on the considered cultivar and Si concentration. Based on these results, application of calcium silicate was suggested as an alternative way to ameliorate the harmful effects of salinity on tomato.  相似文献   
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The variation in the content and composition of Origanum majorana L. essential oil has been studied. Plant material has been harvested at four phenological stages (early vegetative, late vegetative, budding and full-flowering). Essential oil yield varied from 0.04 to 0.09% reached during the full-flowering stage. Analysis of the essential oils by GC and GC/MS revealed the presence of 38 components represented mainly by oxygenated monoterpenes (64.01–71.4%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (21.73–29.92%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1.47–4.05%). The main components were terpinen-4-ol (29.13–32.57%), cis-sabinene hydrate (19.9–29.27%), trans-sabinene hydrate (3.5–11.61%), γ-terpinene (2.11–8.20%), bornyl acetate (1.52–2.94%) and linalool (1.05–1.39%). On the other hand, phenolic contents varied from 2.706 to 6.834 mg/g of dry weight obtained during the later vegetative stage. RP-HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract of O. majorana L. dried aerial parts showed the predominance of phenolic acids during the early vegetative stage whereas flavonoids predominate during the other stages of growth. The main phenolic acids identified were trans-2-hydroxycinnamic, rosmarinic, vanillic, chlorogenic, gallic and cinnamic whereas the main flavonoids were amentoflavone, apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, coumarin and rutin. Results obtained showed that later vegetative stage is characterized by the highest contents of bioactive compounds and therefore it could be considered as the best stage for harvesting marjoram plants.  相似文献   
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This study is designed to examine the effect of water deficit on growth, fatty acid and essential oil composition, and antioxidant activities of Cuminum cyminum aerial part extracts. Plants were treated with different levels of water deficit: control (C), moderate water deficit (MWD), and severe water deficit (SWD). Plant growth (height, fresh and dry matter weights) as well as yield components were significantly increased under moderate water deficit and conversely reduced at severe level. Total fatty acid content decreased significantly with severity of constraint. Drought reduced considerably the proportions of major fatty acids and the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio. The essential oil yield was 0.14% (based on the dry weight); it increased by 2.21-fold at MWD but decreased by 42.8% under SWD in comparison to the control. Drought results in the modification of the essential oil chemotype from 1-phenyl-1-butanol to 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol. Antioxidant activities of the acetone extracts were determined by two complementary test systems, namely, DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid. The highest activity was exhibited by moderately stressed plants and was reduced significantly under SWD. In control plants, the total phenolic amount was 10.23 mg GAE/g DW, which increased by 1.5-fold under MWD and decreased by 42% under SWD.  相似文献   
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Nowadays, people’s exposure to pesticides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is increasing continuously. This compound is suspected to produce in excess free radicals which have adverse effects on human health causing several cell alterations in the organism. The present study investigated oxidative stress in the bone and erythrocytes of suckling rats whose mothers were treated with 2,4-D. Experiments were carried out on adult Wistar rats given 600 mg/L of 2,4-D in their drinking water from the 14th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. Exposing dams to 2,4-D caused disorders in the bone of their progeny. Indeed, it induced changes in bone mineralization, especially calcium and phosphorus levels. Moreover, total tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, which reflected bone resorption, was enhanced while total alkaline phosphatase, which reflected bone formation, was reduced suggesting that this herbicide accelerated bone resorption. The impairment of bone function corresponded histologically.Rats exposed to 2,4-D showed in both bone and erythrocytes an increase in malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products and protein carbonyl levels and a decrease in non-enzymatic (glutathione, non-protein thiol, and vitamin C) and enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) antioxidant system.  相似文献   
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Pesticides have been used in agriculture to enhance food production by eradicating unwanted insects and controlling disease vectors, nevertheless occupational exposure to high levels of these compounds can lead to neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by serious oxidative and neurotoxic effects. However, there is a lack of consensus as to which determinations are best used to quantify future risks arising from xenobiotic exposure and natural antioxidant interventions. Our study aims to determine the potential ability of selenium and/or vitamin E, used as nutritional supplements, to alleviate oxidative stress in cerebral cortex tissue induced by dimethoate, an organophosphorus pesticide. Adult Wistar rats were exposed either to dimethoate (0.2 g/L of drinking water), dimethoate + selenium (0.5 mg/kg of diet), dimethoate + vitamin E (100 mg/kg of diet), or dimethoate + selenium + vitamin E, for 30 days. Exposure to dimethoate increased malondialdehyde levels, protein carbonyl groups and advanced oxidation protein products, while Na+K+-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities decreased in the cerebral cortex. An increase in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and a decrease in glutathione, non-protein thiols and vitamin C levels were observed. Administration of selenium and/or vitamin E through the diet in dimethoate treated rats ameliorated the biochemical parameters cited above. The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results. The model of this study that we employed characterized the relationships between dimethoate-induced neurotoxicity and its alleviation by natural antioxidants like selenium and vitamin E. These elements may be considered beneficial for the protection of cerebral cortex against injury induced by dimethoate.  相似文献   
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