基于主成分分析的吸鱼泵对鱼类损伤评价方法

采用主成分分析法建立吸鱼泵的损伤综合评价方法,为吸鱼泵的研究与改进提供装备技术参数。使用真空吸鱼泵对鲫鱼进行吸捕试验,获取鱼体损伤数据。通过测定体表损伤面积比率、24 h存活率、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力、肌酐(Cr)含量等多个关键指标值,采用主成分分析法进行相关性分析,建立损伤综合评价模型。结果显示：采用主成分分析法提取出3个主成分的累积贡献率达到78.232%,可反映出鱼体损伤的大部分情况;损伤评价综合评价模型：F=0.285X₁+0.111X₂+0.316X₃+0.366X₄-0.118X₅+0.234X₆,真空吸鱼泵对鱼的体表和内脏无显著损伤情况,综合得分-0.102,与对照组接近,表明真空吸鱼泵对鱼的损伤影响很小。研究表明,SOD活力、白细胞数和体表损伤面积比率是对损伤评价影响较大的数据指标,采用主成分分析法建立的综合损伤评价模型可以作为评价鱼损伤情况的一种可行方法,为吸鱼泵的改进研究提供了有力参考。     

基于主成分与灰色关联分析的饲草小黑麦品种筛选与配套技术研究

为了筛选在山西省雁门关地区最适宜种植的小黑麦品种以及配套的高产优质栽培技术,利用主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析法综合评价不同小黑麦品种在不同密度和肥料条件下的产量和饲草品质。结果表明,小黑麦饲草品质指标中糖类和蛋白类指标变异较大,但是总的可消化养分以及能量品质变化较小。相关性分析表明,相对饲料价值（RFV）与粗蛋白含量、瘤胃降解蛋白含量、醇溶糖含量、总可消化养分、产奶净能、维持净能、增重净能和相对饲料质量（RFQ）均呈极显著正相关。RFV主要通过酸性和中性洗涤纤维计算而来,在单一指标中最能反映饲草品质。综合考虑灰色关联度和主成分分析方法,晋饲草1号（播种量150kg/hm²,复合肥750kg/hm²、尿素150kg/hm²）最适宜雁门关地区推广种植。     

竹笋壳表面处理及竹笋壳复合材的制备

为将竹笋壳这一生物质资源利用起来,减小环境污染,以碱处理后的竹笋壳为原料,酚醛树脂为胶黏剂,采用热压成型方法制备了竹笋壳复合材,研究了碱处理的质量分数和时间对竹笋壳表面接触角及顺纹抗拉强度的影响,分析了施胶量对竹笋壳复合材弯曲性能和24 h吸水性能的影响。结果表明:碱处理能够在一定程度上去除竹笋壳表面的硅质和蜡质,提高竹笋壳的表面润湿性,并且改变竹笋壳的力学性能。竹笋壳复合材具有较好的弯曲性能,随着施胶量的增大,竹笋壳复合材的静曲强度和弹性模量呈增大趋势,而24 h吸水率及吸水厚度膨胀率呈减小趋势。     

Organic phosphorus mineralization characteristics in sediments from the coastal salt marshes of a Chinese delta under simulated tidal cycles

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Sediment organic phosphorus (OP) mineralization plays an important role in phosphorus cycling in coastal salt marshes. However, information on OP mineralization...     

2种栽培环境对铁皮石斛内生细菌多样性的影响

  目的  揭示不同栽培环境对铁皮石斛Dendrobium catenatum内生细菌群落结构的影响，解析与石斛多糖含量存在潜在关联的功能菌种。  方法  针对温室人工基质培养和仿野生立木附生培养2种栽培体系下的铁皮石斛C9品系根、茎、叶等各部组织内生细菌，采用Illumina测序平台的Miseq进行高通量测序分析其菌落结构和多样性，同时利用逐步回归法分析内生细菌分布与组织多糖质量分数的关联性。  结果  铁皮石斛在2种栽培环境不同组织中的菌群结构差异显著（P < 0.05），附生立木仿野生环境比温室环境下物种丰富度更高。同时，根部所含分类操作单元（OTUs）数量最多（112~630个），叶部则最少（28~73个）。其中，厚壁菌门Firmicutes（16.7%~34.9%）、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes（8.7%~35.6%）和变形菌门Proteobacteria（15.9%~42.0%）的OTUs占优势。从菌种生理功能上看，固氮相关的菌种如弗兰克菌科Frankiaceae在树培环境下相对丰度更高，推测可能受树培寡氮环境的影响使固氮菌富集。逐步回归分析结果显示:不动杆菌Acinetobacter在根、茎、叶不同组织中的相对丰度与多糖质量分数变化关联度最大，其次为假单胞菌Pseudomonas。  结论  铁皮石斛内生细菌资源相当丰富，而栽培方式影响菌群分布，且与石斛多糖质量分数具有关联性。     

人地协调视角下农村居民点利用质量评价与提升策略

农村居民点高质量利用是乡村振兴的一种具体表现，综合开展农村居民点质量评价、全面改善质量障碍要素是科学编制村庄规划和优化农村要素配置的基础。该研究以北京市平谷区为例，从土地集约利用和人居环境品质相互协调的视角界定农村居民点利用质量内涵并构建评价体系，综合运用熵权-TOPSIS法、变异系数修正的弹性系数法和障碍度诊断模型，对农村居民点利用质量进行评价并提出相应的提升策略。结果表明：1）平谷区农村居民点土地集约利用水平中等偏高，人居环境品质和农村居民点利用综合质量则中等偏低。2）平谷区农村居民点类型表现为中等质量主导、高质量次之、低质量偏少，对应着从脱钩F弱型、脱钩T弱型、正向挂钩F强型、负向挂钩F弱型、正向挂钩T强型、负向挂钩T弱型、正向挂钩T-F同强型、负向挂钩T-F同弱型的村庄数量依次降低。3）平谷区农村居民点高质量利用的障碍要素主要体现在规模强度、空间布局、生活环境和生产环境4个维度，从高质量到低质量利用类型，障碍因素数量增多、作用程度逐渐增大。4）平谷区应充分发挥生态环境优势，在"整体化、集约化、人本化和善治化"战略导向下，按照"高质量利用类适当优化、中等质量利用类同步调控、低质量利用类系统整治"策略，分类有序地推进农村居民点质量提升。     

巨龙竹林分结构及物种多样性特征

调查滇西南巨龙竹在2017—2019年的年龄、直径、密度等林分结构因子,并对其植被组成、物种多样性进行分析.结果表明:巨龙竹林分干龄分布、丛立竹密度分布均呈右偏缓峰状;竹丛年龄分布、直径分布均呈左偏聚集状.2017—2019年林分逐年向更高龄、更大径阶、更高丛立竹密度的范围分布,除2018年、2019年的直径分布差异不显著,其余结构特征在各生长季间均呈极显著差异(P<0.01).利用威布尔分布拟合其直径、丛立竹密度分布的效果优于其余分布模型(直径的R2>0.93,密度的R2>0.99).竹冠投影面积与竹蔸面积、丛立竹干数均呈极显著高度正相关(P<0.01,R>0.75),与平均胸径、年龄的相关性较弱(R<0.30).林分共计植物种类73种,隶属于39科67属,其中乔木层以巨龙竹为绝对优势植物;灌木层无优势植物;草本层以多羽凤尾蕨为优势植物;层间植被以荜拔、异形南五味子为优势植物.物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数在各林下植被层中变化一致,各指数由高到低依次为灌木层、草本层、层间植被.灌木层、草本层的植物物种数均随调查样方面积增大而增加,可用自然对数转化线性方程反映其种-面积关系(R>0.97).当调查面积分别为210.25、90.25 m2时,其样方内可涵盖林分85％的灌木、草本植物种类,且后续数量变化趋势不明显.     

The dynamics of bacterial community in a polyculture aquaculture system of Penaeus chinensis,Rhopilema esculenta and Sinonovacula constricta

Polyculture with Chinese shrimp Penaeus chinensis, jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta and razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (S.J.R) is a common aquaculture system in Dandong, China. Investigation on the composition and function of microbial communities and their relationship with environmental factors in aquaculture systems have crucial implications. Therefore, the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was applied to profile the bacterial community composition of water and sediment in S.J.R polyculture system in the present study. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in S.J.R polyculture ponds following with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in water; in contrast, more diverse phyla were detected in sediments. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were determined the bacterial community composition in the S.J.R polyculture systems. Specially, Planktomarina, PS1 clade, Candidatus Aquiluna and Fibrobacteres, which can resist the phytoplankton blooms or degrade the cellulose, were more abundant in water at the early stage of cultivation in the S.J.R polyculture system. Moreover, the functions of bacterial communities in water were mainly associated with cell communication mediated, while the functions related to basal metabolism were enriched in sediments. The findings of this study allowed us to better understand the bacterial community in the S.J.R polyculture system and accumulated data for the improvement of cultural management.     

Effect of soil acidification on the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in Ultisols

Purpose

To examine the effect of soil acidification on growth and nitrogen (N) uptake by maize in Ultisols.

Materials and methods

A clay Ultisol derived from Quaternary red earth and a sandy Ultisol derived from tertiary red sandstone were used in this study. A pot experiment was conducted with maize growing in the two Ultisols acidified to different pH values. Urea with ¹⁵N abundance of 10.11% was used to investigate the distribution of N fertilizer between soil and plant. Total N content and ¹⁵N abundance in plant and soil samples were determined by elemental analysis-isotope mass spectrometry.

Results and discussion

Critical soil pHs of 4.8 and 5.0 were observed for maize growing in the clay and sandy Ultisols, respectively. Below the critical soil pH, increasing soil pH significantly increased maize height and the yield of maize shoots and roots (both P < 0.05), but changes in soil pH showed no significant effect on maize growth above the critical soil pH in both Ultisols. Maize growing in the sandy Ultisol was more sensitive to changes in soil pH than in the clay Ultisol. Increase in the pH in both Ultisols also increased N accumulation in maize, the N derived from fertilizer in maize, physiological N use efficiency, and N use efficiency (NUE) by maize. Changes in soil pH had a greater effect on these parameters below the critical soil pH, compared to above. The change in soil pH had a greater effect on N accumulation in maize, the N derived from fertilizer in maize, and NUE in the sandy Ultisol than in the clay Ultisol. The NUE increased by 24.4% at pH 6.0, compared with pH 4.0 in the clay Ultisol, while the NUE at pH 5.0 was 4.8 times that at pH 4.0 in the sandy Ultisol. The increase in soil pH increased the ratio of N accumulation in maize/soil residue N and decreased the potential loss of fertilizer N from both Ultisols.

Conclusions

Soil acidification inhibited maize growth, reduced N uptake by maize, and thus, decreased NUE. To maintain soil pH of acidic soils above the critical values for crops is of practical importance for sustainable food production in acidic soils.

     

油菜高光效种质综合鉴选指标体系与方法

高光效种质是开展作物高光效育种的基础。在剖析油菜高光效种质筛选要求、面临困难、研究缺陷的基础上,针对油菜超高产育种目标和生产实际需求,构建出油菜高光效的综合筛选指标体系和方法,对油菜种质进行数量化综合评价,并开展定向选育和杂交改良。在实际应用中取得良好效果,获得一批油菜高光效种质,为利用“高光效+杂种优势”途径开展油菜高光效育种奠定了物质基础。