Stand structure, fuel loads, and fire behavior in riparian and upland forests, Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA; a comparison of current and reconstructed conditions

Fire plays an important role in shaping many Sierran coniferous forests, but longer fire return intervals and reductions in area burned have altered forest conditions. Productive, mesic riparian forests can accumulate high stem densities and fuel loads, making them susceptible to high-severity fire. Fuels treatments applied to upland forests, however, are often excluded from riparian areas due to concerns about degrading streamside and aquatic habitat and water quality. Objectives of this study were to compare stand structure, fuel loads, and potential fire behavior between adjacent riparian and upland forests under current and reconstructed active-fire regime conditions. Current fuel loads, tree diameters, heights, and height to live crown were measured in 36 paired riparian and upland plots. Historic estimates of these metrics were reconstructed using equations derived from fuel accumulation rates, current tree data, and increment cores. Fire behavior variables were modeled using Forest Vegetation Simulator Fire/Fuels Extension.Riparian forests were significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, with greater basal area (BA) (means are 87 vs. 29 m²/ha), stand density (635 vs. 208 stems/ha), snag volume (37 vs. 2 m³/ha), duff loads (69 vs. 3 Mg/ha), total fuel loads (93 vs. 28 Mg/ha), canopy bulk density (CBD) (0.12 vs. 0.04 kg/m³), surface flame length (0.6 vs. 0.4 m), crown flame length (0.9 vs. 0.4 m), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.03), predicted mortality (31% vs. 17% BA), and lower torching (20 vs. 176 km/h) and crowning indices (28 vs. 62 km/h). Upland forests were also significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, yet changes in fuels and potential fire behavior were not as large. Under current conditions, riparian forests were significantly more fire prone than upland forests, with greater stand density (635 vs. 401 stems/ha), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.22), predicted mortality (31% vs. 16% BA), and lower quadratic mean diameter (46 vs. 55 cm), canopy base height (6.7 vs. 9.4 m), and frequency of fire tolerant species (13% vs. 36% BA). Reconstructed riparian and upland forests were not significantly different. Our reconstruction results suggest that historic fuels and forest structure may not have differed significantly between many riparian and upland forests, consistent with earlier research suggesting similar historic fire return intervals. Under current conditions, however, modeled severity is much greater in riparian forests, suggesting forest habitat and ecosystem function may be more severely impacted by wildfire than in upland forests.     

扩散对斑块上食饵-捕食种群生存的影响

建立了2个斑块上种群扩散的食饵-捕食系统,主要研究了当其中一个斑块受到输入量存在极限值的外来毒素污染时,扩散对2个斑块上3个种群生存的影响。结果表明,当扩散存在且扩散率满足一定条件时,食饵种群和捕食者种群在未来时刻将全部灭绝;而当扩散率满足另一条件时,食饵种群和捕食者种群将持续生存,进而会影响斑块上的生物多样性。     

N-linked glycosylation in Campylobacter jejuni and its functional transfer into E. coli

N-linked protein glycosylation is the most abundant posttranslation modification of secretory proteins in eukaryotes. A wide range of functions are attributed to glycan structures covalently linked to asparagine residues within the asparagine-X-serine/threonine consensus sequence (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr). We found an N-linked glycosylation system in the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni and demonstrate that a functional N-linked glycosylation pathway could be transferred into Escherichia coli. Although the bacterial N-glycan differs structurally from its eukaryotic counterparts, the cloning of a universal N-linked glycosylation cassette in E. coli opens up the possibility of engineering permutations of recombinant glycan structures for research and industrial applications.     

宁夏枸杞雄性不育育性标准研究(英文)

Botanical features of "YX-1" reproductive organ and bearing rate by number of pollen granules in pollen sacs of Lycium chinensis was observed and researched through field investigation, smear preparation and paraffin sections. YX-1 of Lycium chinensis was determined as incomplete male sterility and further classified into complete sterile type, sterile type I and sterile type II. The fertility standard of male sterility of Lycium chinensis was preliminarily proposed to establish a basis for crossbreeding of male sterility of Lycium chinensis.     

Ae.ovata细胞质小麦的核质杂种优势研究

利用恢复系 R113与10种不同细胞质的异质小麦雄性不育系 Selkirk(或Chris)杂交,以鉴定 R113对这些雄性不育系的恢复力。其中有7种细胞质的雄性不育性在不同程度上为 R113所恢复。证明了 R113恢复性的广泛性。特别值得注意的是 R113对 Ae.ovata 细胞质不育的恢复度极高,其恢复性可能由两对恢复基因控制.根据杂交种与其亲本之间以及同质 Selkirk 与异质 Selkirk 品种之间的比较,大多数所测性状,如株高、抗倒伏性、每穗小穗数、每穗粒数、每穗粒重等,在 Ae.ovata 细胞质背景下都有明显的优势.试验证明,在小麦中确实存在着两种杂种优势:即核间杂种优势和核质间杂种优势。Ae.ovata 细胞质的缺点是较晚熟,然而,延长春化时间可以提早抽穗;在其同早熟亲本杂交的后代中,也可以选出早熟植株.在小麦常规育种中或在杂种优势的利用上,可以应用 Ae.orata 细胞质把上述两种杂种优势结合起来,选育优良的小麦核质杂种品种或杂种小麦。     

Relationships between Stocking and Anglers' Catches in Draycote Water Trout Fishery

The trout fishery at Draycote Water was investigated during the 1980 fishing season. Fish stocked were batch-marked according to the date of introduction by freeze branding, and catch data were obtained by the cooperation of anglers. Population estimates were made at the end of the fishing season using gill nets and mark-recapture techniques. Of the 32,960 marked brown and rainbow trout stocked, 69.8% were caught and declared by anglers. Returns of rainbow trout were better (78.1%) than those of brown trout (44.2%). Over 90% of all fish caught were taken within 45 days of stocking. Catch per unit effort fluctuated widely but was closely associated with stockings of fish. Catchability (Q) of stocked fish was found to diminish rapidly with time after stocking. At the end of the fishing season the estimated population of marked trout was 4045 (2 × SE = 250), compared with a theoretical number (stock less total catch) of 10,802, giving a mean daily apparent natural mortality, made up of the true natural mortality plus the undeclared catch, of 1.36%.     

小白菜多倍体诱变试验

采用秋水仙碱处理湘潭矮脚白二倍体小白菜，经选择淘汰，变异后的植株植物学性状、解剖学结构以及细胞学等方面发生了明显变化：植株生长发育迟缓；叶、花器、单株增大增重；叶单位面积气孔数目减少、气孔增大；花枝数减少；种子大而少．二倍体矮脚白小白菜经秋水仙碱诱变后，已初步育成四倍体（矮脚白小白菜）品种．     

Chloramphenicol 3. Clinical pharmacology of systemic use in the horse

The use of chloramphenicol in the horse is now prohibited as horses are classified as food-producing animals. However, chloramphenicol has until recently been widely available for oral, intramuscular or intravenous administration. A critical appraisal of the published literature on the use of chloramphenicol in the horse clearly demonstrates that there are sound pharmacokinetic and microbiological reasons for concluding that chloramphenicol is not an appropriate antibiotic for systemic use. The short half-life of chloramphenicol in the horse, together with the broad range of minimum inhibitory concentrations of target pathogens, preclude the use of practical dosage regimens. It can be concluded that the withdrawal of chloramphenicol will have no adverse effects on chemotherapy in the horse.