Freiland-Untersuchungen über die Wirkung verschiedener Insektizide auf das Vorkommen von zwei entomophagenCoccinelliden an Baumwolle in Oberägypten

Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von 9 Handelspräparaten von Insektiziden (ein Carbamat, 2 Organophosphate, 4 chlorierte Hydrocarbone und 2 chlorierte Phosphorverbindungen) auf das Vorkommen vonCoccinella undecimpunctata undScymnus interruptus in einer Baumwoll-Plantage in Assiut (Ober-Ägypten) wurde geprüft Eine Fläche von 2 Feddan (= 8400 m²) wurde willkürlich in 40 Parzellen geteilt (4 Kontrollparzellen und 4 × 9 Behandlungsflächen) gemäß einem vollständig zufälligen Block-System. Die Käfer wurden in situ auf 50 Sträuchern pro Fläche knapp vor der Behandlung und am 3., 7. und 10, Tag hernach gezählt. Die Behandlung wurde viermal in Intervallen von 15 Tagen, beginnend Mitte Juni, wiederholt. Die Ergebnisse waren folgende:1. Die stärkste Anfangswirkung gegenCoccinella hatte Toxaphen/DDT/Delnav, Sevin, Lebaycid und Methyl-Parathion (70–72% Sterblichkeit in 3 Tagen nach der ersten Behandlung). Die geringste Anfangswirkung hatte Toxaphen/Dilan (um 43% Sterblichkeit in 3 Tagen).2. Die stärkste Anfangswirkung gegenScymnus hatte Sevin (um 88% Sterblichkeit in 3 Tagen) gefolgt von Toxaphen (76% Sterblichkeit). Die geringste Anfangswirkung hatte Toxaphen/Dilan (um 29% Sterblichkeit).3. Die Anfangswirkung stieg mit der Zeit nur in einigen Fällen an, z. B. bei Sevin und Lebaycid gegenCoccinella und bei Toxaphen/Dilan und Toxaphen/DDT/Delnav gegen.Scymnus.4.Scymnus scheint gegen gewisse Verbindungen empfindlicher zu sein alsCoccinella, z. B. gegen Sevin und Toxaphen, und weniger empfindlich gegen andere Verbindungen, z. B. Lebaycid.5. In den meisten Fällen stieg bei Wiederholung der Behandlung die reduzierende Wirkung bei beiden Insekten-Arten an. Solch eine verstärkte Wirkung von Sevin aufCoccinella trat bald und stetig ein.

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Summary The effect of nine commercial insecticides (one carbamate, 2 phosphorous compounds, 4 chlorinated hydrocarbons and 2 combinatins of chlorinated and phosphorous compounds) on the abundance ofCoccinella undecimpunctata andScymnus interruptus on cotton was tested in an area of two Feddans (= 8400 square meters). The area was divided into 40 plots (4 controls and 4 × 9 treatments) according to a complete randomized block system. The beetles were counted in situ on 50 bushes/plot immediately before treatment and on the 3rd, 7th and 10th day thereafter. Application was repeated 4 times at 15 days intervals beginning from mid June. The results showed that:1. The strongest initial effect onCoccinella was that of toxaphene/DDT/delnav, sevin, lebaycid and methyl-parathion (70%–72% mortality in three days after the first application); the weakest initial effect was that of toxaphene/dilan (about 43% mortality in 3 days).2. The strongest initial effect onScymnus was that of sevin (about 88% mortality in 3 days), followed by toxaphene (about 76% mortality). The weakest initial effect was that of toxaphene/dilan (about 29% mortality).3. The initial effect increased by time only in a few cases, e. g. that of sevin and lebaycid onCoccinella and that of toxaphene/dilan and toxaphene/DDT/delnav onScymnus.4.Scymnus seems to be more sensitive thanCoccinella to certain compounds, e. g. sevin and toxaphene and less sensitive to other compounds e. g. lebaycid.5. In most cases repetition of application resulted in an increasing detrimental effect on both insect species. Such a cumulative effect was readily observed and rather steady in the case of sevin onCoccinella.

     

Tissue indicators of element status in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts: effect of fasting

Two groups of Atlantic salmon post-smolts previously fed diets either unsupplemented or supplemented with Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn were fasted for 6 weeks in order to study the reliability of tissue indicators of element status during fasting. The fish were weighed at 2-week intervals and samples of whole fish liver, vertebrae, serum and eyes were taken for analyses of elements by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Body weight, per cent dry matter, condition factor and haematocrit values decreased during the fasting period. The concentration of elements in whole body remained constant, indicating that whole body is a stable indicator of element status during fasting. Other tissues seemed to be more sensitive (i.e. hepatic Fe concentration and vertebrae Zn and Mn concentrations). The serum concentrations of the elements generally decreased during fasting, especially for P and Zn. Element concentrations in whole body and most tissues during fasting were generally more dependent upon initial element status than on the fasting itself.
Care should be taken in drawing conclusions about the element status of fish based solely upon the examination of serum concentrations, and more than one tissue indicator should be used in the establishment of the element status of fish.     

Confronting coexistence in the United States: organic agriculture, genetic engineering, and the case of Roundup Ready® alfalfa

In agriculture, the principle of coexistence refers to a condition where different primary production systems can exist in the vicinity of each other, and can be managed in such a way that they affect each other as little as possible. Coexistence policies aim to ensure that farmers are able to freely grow the crops they choose—be they genetically engineered (GE), non-GE conventional, or organic. In the United States (US), the issue of coexistence has very recently come into sharp relief with the introduction of Roundup Ready^® (RR) alfalfa, a landmark court decision in 2007 (Geertson v. Johanns), and subsequent governmental actions, including the first Environmental Impact Statement on a GE crop. By contrast, in 2003 the European Union (EU) created a policy to manage coexistence and to address economic harms that may be caused by contamination. We briefly review the EU framework as an instructive resource. This policy analysis then looks at the US organic industry and its standards with respect to GE before turning to the case of RR alfalfa. With a focus on the field trial stage and on environmental assessments prior to market approval, the case reveals numerous problems in the existing regulatory framework as it pertains to coexistence and prevention of contamination of organic products with GE material. The paper concludes with specific policy recommendations for creating a more robust coexistence policy in the US.     

Survey of the parasitoids of the Greasy Cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon Rott. (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae) in Egypt

Weekly samples of the cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon Rott. larvae were collected for 3 successive season 1983/84–1985/86 from 3 Governorates in middle Egypt to survey and evaluate the role of parasitoids in suppressing the pest population.Two gregarious internal larval parasitoids were recorded,Apanteles ruficrus Hal. andMeteorus rubens Nees. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Percentages of parasitism were estimated. They reached 20.2, 22.2 and 24.7% in seasons 1983/84, 1984/85 and 1985/86, respectively, with an average of 22.5% (10.3%A. ruficrus and 12.2%M. rubens). The highest rates of parasitism were recorded in March and April.

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Zusammenfassung Wöchentliche Aufsammlungen der Raupen vonA. ipsilon während der Jahre 1983/84 bis 1985/86 im mittleren Ägypten erbrachten zwei gregäre Endoparasitoiden,Apanteles ruficrus Hal. undMeteorus rubens Nees. (beide Hym., Braconidae). Sie erreichen zusammen in den 3 Jahren 20,2, 22,2 und 24,7%, i.M. 22,5% (A. ruficrus=10,3%, undM. rubens=12,2%). Die höchsten Parasitierungsraten wurden im März und April festgestellt.

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With one figure     

Zur Morphologie,Biologie und Ökologie von Anacampsis populella (Clerck) (Lep., Gelechiidae)

In 1975 and 1976 the leaf-rolling Microlepidoptera at birchtrees (Betula alba andB. pubescens) were investigated in the moor-land of Groebenzell western of Munich, Bavaria. Among the 14 species the GelechiidAnacampsis populella was predominant. The egg, larva and pupa, largely unknown hitherto, are described. In particular the chactotaxy of the larval stages are considered. The average number of eggs laid was 46.5, those of eggs within an egg cluster 6.5. The number of eggs remaining in the abdomen after death amounted to 9.5 per female. The larvae fed mainly on birch-trees and at a smaller scale on aspen. Willows and poplars were rejected. The first instar is living free at the underside of the leaf. Following the moulting the second instar rolls the leaf by help of spinning fibres.A. populella showed only one generation per year. The eggs overwintered. 20 species of parasitic Hymenoptera were reared: 10 larval, 4 pupal and 6 secondary parasites. The maximal quote of parasitation amounted to 59%.     

Serovars of Erysipelothrix species isolated from the tonsils of healthy cattle in Japan.

Serovars of 79 Erysipelothrix isolates recovered from the tonsils of healthy slaughtered cattle over a 1-year period in Japan were determined by an agar double-diffusion precipitation system using typing sera representing all the known serovars, 1 through 23 and type N, of Erysipelothrix. A total of 43 out of the 79 Erysipelothrix isolates could be classified into nine serovars but the remaining 36 isolates were untypable. Of 42 isolates identified as Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 4, 6, 2, 3, 1,12, 13 and 1 isolates belonged to serovars 1b, 2, 5, 9, 12, 13, 19 and 21, respectively. One isolate belonged to Erysipelothrix tonsillarum serovar 3.     

High-efficiency colony formation and whole plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts of Pelargonium × hortorum ‘Panaché Sud’

Summary

This study aimed to establish a plant regeneration system from protoplasts of Pelargonium hortorum, efficient enough to be used for further direct gene transfer experiments. A rapid and efficient system that allowed high efficiency colony formation (40%) and whole plant regeneration (83%), as well as rooting within 4 months, was established using mesophyll protoplasts of the cultivar ‘Panaché Sud’. Protoplast culture in liquid medium was found to be better than culture on solid medium both for cell division and colony formation. The optimum density for high colony formation (31-40%) from viable cultivated protoplasts was 3 – 5 10⁴ protoplasts ml^–1. Reducing the osmotic pressure and increasing the macronutrient and sucrose contents of the culture medium after the first week of culture facilitated the rapid development of colonies. The transfer of microcalli to mannitol-free callus-induction medium produced green calli in all cases. The highest frequency of bud and shoot regeneration from protoplast-derived calli (83%; 6.6 per callus) was obtained at a density of 3 10⁴, on medium containing 0.2 mg l^–1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1.0 mg l^–1 zeatin and 0.1 mg l^–1 thidiazuron (TDZ). The best results were obtained when the medium was gelled with Gelrite^® and cultures were maintained under low light (12 µmol s^–1 m^–2). Sixty-five percent of protoplast-derived calli underwent bud and shoot regeneration and 2.6 rootable plantlets were obtained per callus after 3 weeks on elongation medium. All acclimatised plants grew normally and gave fertile flowers. However, flow cytometry on 42 plants showed that 40 of these were tetraploids, and only two were diploids, like the mother plant. This protocol can now be used in transformation experiments and applied to other genotypes to improve regeneration.     

Genital bovine papillomavirus infection in Saudi Arabia.

Genital bovine papillomavirus infection was observed for the first time in the Al-Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. The disease involved 1 female and 2 male 2-4-year-old crossbred cattle. Fibropapillomas (warts) were limited to the prepuce and vulva. Electron micrographs of thin sections of the lesions revealed the presence of intranuclear viruslike particles. Using a broadly cross-reactive rabbit polyclonal antiserum directed against papillomavirus group-specific antigens, the infection was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of paraffin-embedded tissues to be due to a papillomavirus. Staining with a series of monoclonal antibodies of various specificities indicated that the virus was bovine papillomavirus type 1. Attempts to propagate the virus by inoculation of tumor homogenates onto chorioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos were unsuccessful.     

Matters of scale and the politics of the Food Safety Modernization Act

Signed into law in early 2011, the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) marked the first major overhaul of the United States?? regulatory system for food safety since the 1930s. This presidential address explores how the social movement for local and regional food systems influenced the debates around the FSMA and, in particular, how issues of scale became pivotal in those debates. Specifically, a key question revolved around whether or not the proposed regulations should apply to small farms and processors who sell directly to consumers in local markets. Advocates of the so-called ??Tester amendment?? aimed to create a scale-sensitive alternative to the requirements in the bill. This address lays out the three interrelated arguments that amendment advocates used. The first was the idea that food safety risks are different at different scales, and therefore the rules should reflect those differences. Their second argument revolved around the character of the local, direct markets of small producers and the social relationships embedded within them. The third argument used to support the Tester amendment is that the costs of complying with the detailed regulatory requirements of the new food safety law place a disproportionately large burden on small producers and that might thwart the emerging market for local food as an alternative to industrial agriculture. I conclude by suggesting some research and policy questions that could be explored more fully, both with respect to this case and with respect to alternative agri-food movements more generally.     

生物炭添加对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性的影响

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用序批式厌氧消化工艺进行了L9(33)正交试验,以生物炭添加量、生物炭粒径和接种量为因素探索生物炭添加对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性影响,得出了鸡粪添加生物炭厌氧消化产气的最佳工艺组合。结果表明,各因素对鸡粪厌氧消化产沼气特性的影响从大到小依次为:生物炭添加量(极显著)、生物炭粒径(不显著)、接种量(不显著)。最佳处理组合总固体产气率为345.96 m L/g,挥发性固体产气率为420.62 m L/g,比对照组提高了45.24%。生物炭粒径对甲烷体积分数有极显著影响。