Biodiversity and Dynamics of Planthoppers and Their Natural Enemies in Rice Fields with Different Nitrogen Regimes

Biodiversity both theoretically and practically has relevance in addressing many problems of contemporary agriculture and allows the formation of functional groups that drive key ecosystem processes [1]. One of the most important processes in agroecosystems is pest regulation, because biodiversity is related closely to host-plant resistance, pest management attributes, natural biological control agents and their impacts, and stability as the ecological basis for pest management [2-3]. On one h…     

Susceptibility to Insecticides and Ecological Fitness in Resistant Rice Varieties of Field Nilaparvata lugens Stl Population Free from Insecticides in Laboratory

A population of rice brown planthopper(BPH) Nilaparvata lugens collected from a paddy field in Hangzhou was successively reared on susceptible rice Taichung Native 1(TN1) in a laboratory free from insecticides for more than 14 generations. The changes in susceptibility to insecticides and ecological fitness on different resistant rice varieties were monitored in each generation. The resistance ratio to imidacloprid sharply declined with the succession of rearing generations without insecticides from 359.94-fold at F1 to 6.50-fold at F14 compared with the susceptible strain, and the resistance ratio to chlorpyrifos was from 9.90-fold at F1 to 5.94-fold at F14. Nymphal duration and weights of newly hatched female adults were significantly affected by rice variety, generation and their interactions, but nymphal survival was significantly affected by the generation only. The ratio of brachypterous adults in males was affected by the generation and generation × variety interaction, whereas no difference was found in females. Nymphal duration extended with increasing generations, and the female nymphal duration was shorter in the susceptible variety TN1 than those in the resistant varieties IR26 and IR36. In addition, the female adult weight in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These results indicated that the resistance of field BPH population to insecticides was reversed after several generations of no-exposure to insecticides, and the ecological fitness in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These findings suggested the rational and reduced use of insecticides in combination with the manipulation of resistant rice varieties would be effective for BPH management.     

室内不接触农药的褐飞虱种群对农药的敏感性和对水稻品种的适应性

在室内研究了经连续多代未接触农药的田间褐飞虱种群在不同抗性水稻品种上的生态适应性。结果表明,田间种群经室内连续多代未接触农药饲养后其对吡虫啉的抗性从F1代的359.94倍降到F14代的6.50倍,其中F4到F8下降快,F10到F14代基本趋于稳定;而其对毒死蜱的抗性下降趋于平缓,从F1代的9.90倍降到F14代的5.94倍。若虫历期和雌成虫体质量均显著受水稻品种和连续饲养代别数及代别×品种的影响,而若虫存活率只受代别数影响。雄虫中短翅型比例受代别和代别×品种的影响,而雌虫中短翅型比例不受代别、品种以及代别×品种的影响。在三种水稻品种上褐飞虱若虫历期均随着代别增加而延长,其中F1和F4的若虫历期较短,其余均较长。在感虫水稻品种TN1上的雌虫若虫历期明显短于在抗虫品种IR26和IR36上的历期,TN1上的雌成虫体质量明显比抗虫品种上的高。这些结果表明褐飞虱种群不接触农药后其对农药的敏感性上升,但对水稻抗性品种IR26和IR36的适应性并未增强。这些结果对于合理使用农药和水稻抗性品种治理褐飞虱具有重要意义。     

氮肥对天敌自然控制作用的影响及其在稻田生态系统中的例证

施用氮肥后可以直接或间接地通过对植物—害虫—天敌三者之间关系的干预、改变寄主植物内的营养成分和次生化学物质的含量等从正反两个方面影响捕食性天敌的捕食能力。而氮肥对寄生性天敌的作用主要是通过干扰寄生蜂的寄主搜索和选择行为、影响天敌自身的生长发育、生殖和成虫性比以及改变寄主植物的形态和天敌所处的生境等。稻田生态系统中施用氮肥不仅可以改进节肢动物的营养条件和生境，而且还可以通过水生无脊椎动物群落的变化改变整个食物链的结构和动态。在施用氮肥的稻株上黑肩绿育蝽对褐飞虱卵和若虫的捕食能力明显下降。稻田中诱捕到的寄生蜂种群数量也显著减少。这些结果表明天敌对害虫自然控制作用的下降可能是稻田过量施用氮肥后害虫种群增加的主要原因之一。     

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Herbivores and Its Stimulation to Major Insect Pests in Rice

Nitrogen is one of the most important factors in development of herbivore populations.The application of nitrogen fertilizer in plants can normally increase herbivore feeding preference,food consumption,survival,growth,reproduction,and population density,except few examples that nitrogen fertilizer reduces the herbivore performances.In most of the rice growing areas in Asia,the great increases in populations of major insect pests of rice,including planthoppers(Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera),leaffolder(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis),and stem borers(Scirpophaga incertulas,Chilo suppressalis,S.innotata,C.polychrysus and Sesamia inferens)were closely related to the long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers.The optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated paddy fields is proposed to improve the fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the environmental pollution.     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages, and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthoppcr (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

黑肩绿盲蝽在寄生植物、飞虱和叶蝉卵上的生长和发育

系统地测定了不同寄主卵和寄主植物对稻飞虱重要天敌黑肩绿盲蝽ＣｙｒｔｏｒｈｉｎｕｓｌｉｖｉｄｉｐｅｎｎｉｓＲｅｕｔｅｒ生长和发育的影响。结果表明，在实验室条件下黑肩绿盲蝽能在水稻以及禾本科杂草如稗草Ｅｃｈｉｎｏｃｈｌｏａｇｌａｂｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ、千金子Ｌｅｐｔｏｃｈｌｏａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ、马唐Ｄｉｇｉｔａｒｉａｃｉｌｉａｒｉｓ和狗牙根Ｃｙｎｏｄｏｎｄａｃｔｙｌｏｎ上生长和繁殖。大田连续采样证实该盲蝽在稻田周围杂草地只能作短暂停留。黑肩绿盲蝽的若虫龄数随寄主卵和寄主植物的变化而变化，表现为５龄、６龄和４龄。水稻和禾本科花穗与飞虱蜜露或蜂蜜的结合可为黑肩绿盲蝽的生长和发育提供重要的营养源。该研究将为黑肩绿盲蝽的自然保护利用提供重要的理论依据。     

Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages,and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.     

氮营养对褐飞虱在IR64稻株上取食和产卵行为的影响

研究了褐飞虱对不同含氮量的IR64稻株的取食和产卵选择性、寄主含氮量对褐飞虱种群选择性的影响以及在不同含氮量稻株上取食和产卵的空间分布.结果表明,无论褐飞虱饲养在高氮和低氮稻株上其雌成虫均显著偏爱在含氮量高的稻株上取食和产卵,而若虫对不同含氮量稻株的取食选择性无显著差异.随着稻株含氮量的下降褐飞虱取食和产卵的位置从叶鞘底部逐渐向上部转移,直至叶片中脉.在低氮稻株上若虫和成虫均偏向于较高的位置取食和产卵,而且不同的种群有明显差异.饲养在低氮稻株上的褐飞虱种群在低氮稻株上的取食频次最高,褐飞虱种群的取食频率与其前期饲养的寄主有关.