Cu(Ⅱ)对红壤性水稻土吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

选择一种红壤性水稻土研究了Cu（Ⅱ）对土壤吸附CrO4^2-的影响。结果表明,Cu（Ⅱ）显著增加了土壤对CrO4^2-的吸附量,Cu（Ⅱ）对CrO4^2-吸附的影响程度随着Cu（Ⅱ）加入量的增加和体系pH的升高而增加。Cu（Ⅱ）不仅增加土壤对CrO4^2-的吸附量,也增加CrO4^2-的解吸量,但解吸增量比吸附增量低得多,说明cu（Ⅱ）对CrO4^2-在土壤中吸附的促进作用机制涉及静电作用、专性吸附和表面共沉淀。铜的促进作用增加了土壤对CrO4^2-的固定量,降低了CrO4^2-的活动性和生物有效性。     

茶树叶和刺槐叶对茶园土壤酸度的改良效果

通过培养实验,比较研究了茶树老叶和刺槐叶对2种酸化茶园土壤的改良效果.结果表明,在酸性茶园土壤中分别加入5、10和20g·kg-1茶树老叶和刺槐叶培养35 d后,相对于对照,土壤pH值有不同程度的提高,土壤交换性酸减小,土壤交换性钙和镁等交换性盐基离子数量有所提高,土壤毒性铝离子的数量减少.2种树叶对土壤酸度的改良效果随其加入量的增加而增加,刺槐叶的改良效果好于茶树老叶,2种树叶对红壤的改良效果优于其对黄棕壤的改良效果.植物物料所含的灰化碱及豆科植物所含大量有机氮的矿化是导致土壤酸度下降的主要原因.     

炭化生活污水污泥对酸化红壤的改良效果

从南京市、马鞍山市和丹阳市的3个污水处理厂采集污泥,在500℃下热解制备炭化污泥,测定了污泥和炭化污泥的性质和重金属含量,研究了污泥和炭化污泥对酸性红壤改良效果,并探讨了炭化污泥中重金属的环境风险。结果表明,污泥和炭化污泥中含有一定量的碱,添加炭化污泥可提高红壤的p H和交换性钙、镁和钾含量,降低土壤交换性铝和交换性H+含量。但污泥中大量铵态氮的硝化作用释放质子,抵消了污泥对红壤酸度的改良作用。添加污泥和炭化污泥提高了土壤有机碳、有效磷和速效钾的含量,提高了土壤肥力。污泥炭化后重金属含量有所增加,但大部分重金属的有效态含量下降,说明热解过程可以降低部分有毒重金属的活性。与对照相比,添加炭化污泥会增加土壤中部分重金属有效态含量,特别是有效态锌含量显著增加,因此炭化污泥农业利用存在一定的环境风险。建议将炭化污泥用于酸化的森林红壤的改良。     

不同pH下两种可变电荷土壤中Cu(II)、Pb(II)和Cd(II)吸附与解吸的比较研究

对两种可变电荷土壤的研宄表明,土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量均随pH的增加而增加,但Cu(Ⅱ)与Pb(Ⅱ)吸附量之间的差值随pH增加而减小,Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)与Cd(Ⅱ)吸附量之间的差值随pH增大呈增大趋势.土壤吸附的Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸量随吸附平衡液pH的增加而增加;但Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸量先随pH增加而增加,在某一pH时达最大,随后再逐渐减小.3种重金属离子在可变电荷土壤中吸附和解吸行为的不同特征是pH导致的土壤表面电荷的变化和离子水解程度的变化共同作用的结果.本文的研究结果对可变电荷土壤中重金属的控制和污染土壤的修复具有一定的指导意义.     

The forms and distribution of aluminum adsorbed onto maize and soybean roots

Purpose

The Al forms on maize and soybean roots were investigated to determine the main factors affecting the distribution of Al forms and its relationship with Al plant toxicity.

Materials and methods

Solution culture experiments were conducted to obtain the fresh roots of maize and soybean. KNO₃, citric acid, and HCl were used to extract the exchangeable, complexed, and precipitated forms of Al on the roots.

Results and discussion

The complexed Al was higher than the exchangeable and precipitated Al. Root CECs of soybean and maize were 77 and 55 cmol kg^?1, and functional groups on the soybean roots (262.4 cmol kg^?1) were greater than on maize roots (210.8 cmol kg^?1), which resulted in more exchangeable and complexed Al on soybean roots than on maize roots, and was one of the reasons for the increased Al toxicity to soybean. The total and exchangeable Al were the highest on the plant root tips and decreased gradually with increasing distance from the tips. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and NH₄ ⁺ cations reduced the exchangeable Al on the roots. Oxalate and malate also reduced the adsorption and absorption of Al by roots, and the effect of oxalate was greater than malate.

Conclusions

Higher exchangeable and complexed Al on plant roots led to increased Al plant toxicity. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and NH₄ ⁺ and oxalate and malate can effectively alleviate Al plant toxicity.

     

Effects of biomass ash,bone meal,and alkaline slag applied alone and combined on soil acidity and wheat growth

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of combined application of biomass ash (BA), bone meal (BM), and alkaline slag (AS) on soil acidity, nutrient contents, uptake of the nutrients by wheat, and wheat growth.

Materials and methods

A pot experiment with an Ultisol collected from Anhui province, China, was conducted to compare the effects of BA, BM, and AS applied alone and combined on soil acidity; soil nutrient contents; uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg by wheat, and wheat growth.

Results and discussion

Application of BA, BM, and AS alone and combined increased soil pH and decreased soil exchangeable Al³⁺. BA + BM + AS showed the greatest ameliorating effect on soil acidity, and soil pH of the treatment increased by 1.24 units compared with control. Application of BA + BM + AS reduced soil exchangeable Al³⁺ and increased soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium to a greater extent than BA + BM and single application of the amendments. The BM-containing amendments substantially increased soil available phosphorous by 66–93% compared with control. Application of the amendments alone and combined enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg by wheat and thus promoted wheat growth and increased yield of wheat grains. Application of BA + BM + AS and BA + BM showed greater effects on nutrient uptake and wheat growth than single application of the amendments. Wheat straw weights of the two treatments were 11.1 and 10.1 times greater than that of control. The data were 2.7, 4.8, and 5.6 times for the treatments of BA, AS, and BM. The contents of Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu in wheat grains were lower than standard limits, except for the single BA treatment.

Conclusions

BA + BM + AS is the best choice for amelioration of acid soils and promotion of crop production.

     

Hydroxyl release by maize (Zea mays L.) roots under acidic conditions due to nitrate absorption and its potential to ameliorate an acidic Ultisol

Purpose

Hydroxyl ion release by maize (Zea mays L.) roots under acidic conditions was investigated with a view to develop a bioremediation method for ameliorating acid soils in tropical and subtropical regions.

Materials and methods

Two hydroponic culture experiments and one pot experiment were conducted: pH, nitrogen state, and rhizobox condition, which investigated the effects of different nitrogen forms on hydroxyl release by maize roots under acidic conditions.

Results and discussion

The pH of the culture solution increased as culture time rose. The gradient of change increased with rising NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ molar ratios. Maize roots released more hydroxyl ions at pH 4.0 than at pH 5.0. The amount of hydroxyl ions released by maize roots at a constant pH was greater than those at a nonconstant pH. Application of calcium nitrate reduced exchangeable acidity and increased the pH in an Ultisol rhizosphere, compared with bulk soil. The increasing magnitude of soil pH was greater at higher doses of N. The absorption of NO₃ ^?–N increased as the NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ molar ratios rose, which was responsible for hydroxyl ion release and pH increases in culture solutions and rhizosphere.

Conclusions

Root-induced alkalization in the rhizosphere resulting from nitrate absorption by maize plants can be used to ameliorate acidic Ultisols.     

CrO42-对两种可变电荷土壤表面电荷的影响

对两种可变电荷土壤的研究结果表明,加入铬酸根(CrO42-)能增加土壤的表面负电荷,减小土壤的表面正电荷的量。CrO42-对表面正电荷的影响程度随体系pH的增加而减小,对负电荷的影响呈相反的趋势。CrO42-对表面电荷的影响程度也随其加入量的增加而增加。CrO42-主要通过自身的吸附来影响土壤的表面电荷,因为伴随着土壤表面电荷的变化,CrO42-在土壤中发生明显的吸附。而且土壤对CrO42-的吸附量随其加入量的增加而增加,随pH的升高而减小,与土壤电荷的变化趋势基本一致。     

稻草生物质炭对3种可变电荷土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响

按土重的3%和5%向采自海南和广西的3种可变电荷土壤中添加由稻草制备的生物质炭,混合培养30d后用一次平衡法研究了生物质炭对土壤吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响及其与土壤表面电化学性质的关系,旨在阐明生物质炭促进可变电荷土壤吸附和固定Cd(Ⅱ)的机制。结果表明,添加稻草炭显著提高了3种土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)和土壤pH,并使土壤胶体Zeta电位向负值方向位移。因此,添加稻草炭增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,土壤表面对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附容量增强,使3种可变电荷土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量增加,且Cd(Ⅱ)吸附量的增幅随稻草炭添加水平的提高而增加。Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以拟合3种土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,但Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,该方程表征吸附容量的参数k也随着稻草炭添加水平提高而增大。研究表明在pH3.0～5.0范围内,稻草炭均增加土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量。添加稻草炭提高土壤pH,促进Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附,因为Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量随pH升高而增加。解吸实验表明,添加稻草炭处理Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸量高于对照处理,说明生物质炭提高了土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的静电吸附量。     

有机酸对Cu Pb Cd在土壤表面竞争吸附的影响

选择一种红壤和一种水稻土,研究低分子量有机酸对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在这2种土壤中竞争吸附的影响,并与单一体系中的结果进行比较。结果表明,由于柠檬酸和酒石酸与Cd(Ⅱ)形成络合物的稳定常数较小,2种有机酸对2种土壤中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附均表现出促进作用,而且这种促进作用随有机酸初始浓度的增加而增大。酒石酸促进了红壤对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附,而且低pH下的促进作用大于高pH下的作用。pH4.2时酒石酸对水稻土吸附Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)有一定的促进作用;在pH5.2时酒石酸使水稻土对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量减小,但对Pb的吸附基本无影响。柠檬酸对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附的影响表现为峰形曲线,即吸附量随有机酸浓度的增加而增大,在某一浓度时达最大,然后逐渐减小。在较高浓度和较高pH下,柠檬酸对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附表现出一定程度的抑制作用,特别在水稻土中。由于红壤游离氧化铁的含量比水稻土高得多,有机酸对红壤吸附重金属离子的促进作用大于水稻土中的作用,相反有机酸对水稻土吸附重金属离子的抑制作用大于红壤中的作用。虽然在竞争条件下有机酸对某一重金属离子吸附的促进作用小于单一体系中的,但竞争条件下所有重金属离子吸附增量的总和大于单一体系中单个离子的吸附增量。在柠檬酸体系中,低pH下Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)在单一体系中的吸附量高于竞争体系中的,但在高pH下结果相反,这主要与柠檬酸在不同pH下对重金属离子吸附的影响机理不同有关。