Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: susceptibility of non‐target species

Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a pest species in Australian waterways, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV‐3) is being considered as a potential biological control (biocontrol) agent. An important consideration for any such agent is its target specificity. In this study, the susceptibility to CyHV‐3 of a range of non‐target species (NTS) was tested. The NTS were as follows: 13 native Australian, and one introduced, fish species; a lamprey species; a crustacean; two native amphibian species (tadpole and mature stages); two native reptilian species; chickens; and laboratory mice. Animals were exposed to 100–1000 times the approximate minimum amount of CyHV‐3 required to cause disease in carp by intraperitoneal and/or bath challenge, and then examined clinically each day over the course of 28 days post‐challenge. There were no clinical signs, mortalities or histological evidence consistent with a viral infection in a wide taxonomic range of NTS. Furthermore, there was no molecular evidence of infection with CyHV‐3, and, in particular, all RT‐PCRs for viral mRNA were negative. As a consequence, the results encourage further investigation of CyHV‐3 as a potential biocontrol agent that is specific for carp.     

Metabolizable energy intake of client‐owned adult cats

A retrospective analysis of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake of privately owned pet cats from the authors’ nutrition consultation practice (years 2007–2011) was carried out to test whether current recommendations are suitable for pet cats. Data of 80 adult cats (median age: 9.0 years, median deviation from ideal weight: +22.5%, majority neutered) at maintenance were available. Six percentage of the cats were healthy and the others were affected by various chronic diseases. A standardized questionnaire was used, cat owners weighed cat and food. For ration calculation, the software Diet Check Munich^? was used (ME prediction according to National Research Council, 2006: Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. National Academy Press, Washington, DC). Data were analysed for the factors deviation from ideal weight, breed, age, gender, disease and type of feeding [prepared food (dry, wet) vs. home‐made]. Over‐ or underweight were defined as ≥15% deviation from ideal body weight (BW) according to Kienzle and Moik (British Journal of Nutrition 2011, 106, Suppl 1: S113). Cat owner's estimation of ideal BW was higher than literature data from Kienzle and Moik (2011). Based on literature data, 26.3% of the pet cats were normal weight, 63.7% overweight and 10% underweight. The mean ME intake of all adult cats amounted to 0.40 ± 0.14 MJ/kg actual BW^0.67 (n = 80). When the data were analysed according to normal, over‐ and underweight, there was a significant effect with normal weight cats eating 0.46 MJ/kg BW^0.67. Underweight cats ate even more (0.49 MJ/kg BW^0.67), whereas overweight cats ate considerably less (0.36 MJ/kg BW^0.67). The other factors had no influence on ME intake of adult cats.     

Arbeitszahlen für die Schädlingsbekämpfung

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund umfangreichen Beobachtungen bei einer Anzahl verschiedener Schädlingsbekämpfungsarbeiten werden durchschnittliche Erfahrungswerte für Arbeitsleistungen mitgeteilt, die allgemeine Gültigkeit beanspruchen können.     

Anwendung der Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel im Pflanzenschutz

Zusammenfassung Aus den in einer Tabelle dargestellten Zusammenhängen zwischen Ausbringungsmenge und Tropfengröße bei der flüssigen Anwendung von Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln werden die Forderungen für ihre zweckmäßigste Anwendung abgeleitet. Die Verwendung von Flugzeugen erfordert für jeden Fall eine vorhergehende Überprüfung, um unerwünschte Nachteile zu vermeiden.     

Weitere Versuche mit Zusätzen zu Rattenködern

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Organisation des Schädlingsbekämpfer-Berufes vom Behördenstandpunkt gesehen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Wo stehen wir heute in der Rattenbekämpfung?

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Über die Bienengefährlichkeit der Dinitrocarbazolpräparate F 113 U nnd F 114

Zusammenfassung Die beiden DinitrocarbazolpräparateF 113 U undF 114 der Firma SCHERING, Berlin, wurden in Laboratoriumsund Flugkäfigversuchen auf ihre Giftwirkung gegen die Biene geprüft. F 113U 1. Die LD 50 für 22° C liegt bei etwa 0,75 mg Gift pro Biene.2. Vergiftungserscheinungen: Starke Unruhe, unbeholfene Bewegungen der Beine, vor allem des letzten Beinpaares. Noch flugfähige Tiere fliegen außergewöhnlich schnell in unregelmäßigen Kurven. Gesteigerte Stechlust. Typisch für die Todesstelung: Flügel nach unten abgespreizt, das letzte Beinpaar nach hinten gerade abgestreckt.3. Das Mittel wirkt nicht als Kontaktgift.4. Das Präparat zeigt im Fütterungsversuch stark abschreckende Wirkung auf die Biene.5. Ein Flugkäfigversuch bestätigt die nach den Ergebnissen der Laboratoriumsversuche zu erwartende Ungefähruchkeit des Mittels für die Bienen. F 114 1. Die LD 50 für 22° C liegt höher als 3 mg Gift pro Biene.2. Vergiftungserscheinungen: Ähnlich denen, die beiF 113 U-vergifteten Bienen zu beobachten sind. Dasselbe gilt für die Todeshaltung.3. Das Mittel zeigt keine Kontaktgiftwirkung.4. Im Fütterungsversuch übt das Präparat eine nur schwach abschreckende Wirkung aus.5. Flugkäfigversuche lassen das Mittel als bienenungefährlich erscheinen und stehen somit im Einklang mit den Ergebnissen der Laboratoriumsprüfungen.     

Impact of High Night‐Time and High Daytime Temperature Stress on Winter Wheat

High temperature is a major environmental factor that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Climate models predict greater increases in night‐time temperature than in daytime temperature. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of high daytime and high night‐time temperatures during anthesis on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, leaf level photosynthesis, and membrane damage), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and antioxidant capacity in leaves), growth and yield traits of wheat genotypes. Winter wheat genotypes (Ventnor and Karl 92) were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of anthesis. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high night‐time (HN, 25/24 °C), high daytime (HD, 35/15 °C), high daytime and night‐time (HDN, 35/24 °C) or optimum temperatures for 7 days. Compared with optimum temperature, HN, HD and HDN increased ROS concentration and membrane damage and decreased antioxidant capacity, photochemical efficiency, leaf level photosynthesis, seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike. Impact of HN and HD was similar on all traits. Greater impact on seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike was observed at HDN compared with HN and HD. These results suggest that HN and HD during anthesis cause damage of a similar magnitude to winter wheat.     

Impacts of population growth, economic development, and technical change on global food production and consumption

Over the next decades mankind will demand more food from fewer land and water resources. This study quantifies the food production impacts of four alternative development scenarios from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Partially and jointly considered are land and water supply impacts from population growth, and technical change, as well as forest and agricultural commodity demand shifts from population growth and economic development. The income impacts on food demand are computed with dynamic elasticities. Simulations with a global, partial equilibrium model of the agricultural and forest sectors show that per capita food levels increase in all examined development scenarios with minor impacts on food prices. Global agricultural land increases by up to 14% between 2010 and 2030. Deforestation restrictions strongly impact the price of land and water resources but have little consequences for the global level of food production and food prices. While projected income changes have the highest partial impact on per capita food consumption levels, population growth leads to the highest increase in total food production. The impact of technical change is amplified or mitigated by adaptations of land management intensities.