Land-use changes alter CO2 flux patterns of a tall-grass Andropogon field and a savanna-woodland continuum in the Orinoco lowlands

Land use changes in the savannas of the Orinoco lowlands have resulted in a mosaic of vegetation. To elucidate how these changes have affected carbon exchanges with the atmosphere, we measured CO2 fluxes by eddy covariance and soil CO2 efflux systems along a disturbance gradient beginning with a cultivated tall-grass Andropogon field (S1) and extending over three savanna sites with increasing woody cover growing above native herbaceous vegetation. The savanna sites included a herbaceous savanna (S2), a tree savanna (S3) and a woodland savanna (S4). During the wet season, maximum diurnal net ecosystem exchange (NEE) over the S1-S4 sites was 6.6-9.3, 6.6-7.9, 10.6-11.3 and 9.3-10.6 micromol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The rate of CO2 uptake over S1 was lower than that for C4 grasses elsewhere because of pasture degradation. Soil respiration and temperature were exponentially related when soil water content (theta) was above 0.083 m(3) m(-3); however, soil respiration declined markedly as theta decreased from 0.083-0.090 to 0.033-0.056 m(3) m(-3). There were bursts of CO2 emission when dry soils were rewetted by rainfall. During the wet season, all sites constituted carbon sinks with maximum net daily ecosystem production (NEP) of 2.1, 1.7, 2.1 and 2.1 g C m(-2) day(-1), respectively. During the dry season, the savanna sites (S2-S4) became carbon sources with maximum emission fluxes of -0.5, -1.4 and -1.6 g C m(-2) day(-1), respectively, whereas the tall-grass field (S1) remained a carbon sink with a maximum NEP of 0.3 g C m(-2) day(-1) at the end of the season. For all measurement periods, annual NEP of sites S1-S4 was 366, 6, 116 and 139 g C m(-2), respectively. Comparisons of carbon source/sink dynamics across a wide range of savannas indicate that savanna carbon budgets can change in sign and magnitude. On an annual basis, gross primary production over the S1-S4 stands was 797, 803, 136 and 1230 g C m(-2), respectively. Net primary productivity (NPP) of the S1-S4 stands, calculated from eddy covariance measurements as the daily sum of NEE and day and night heterotrophic respiration was 498, 169, 181 and 402 g C m-2 year-1, respectively. These values were slightly higher than NPP based on harvest measurements (432, 162, 176 and 386 g C m(-2) year(-1), respectively), presumably because fine roots were incompletely harvested. Soil water content limited carbon uptake at all sites, and water-use efficiency (WUE) was related to rainfall dynamics. During the dry season, all sites except the cultivated tall-grass Andropogon field (S1) had a negative WUE. Although our results are specific to the Orinoco vegetational mosaic, the effects of land-use practices on the controls and physiological functions of the studied ecosystems may be generalized to other savannas.     

Photosynthetic capacity in a central Amazonian rain forest

The vertical profile in leaf photosynthetic capacity was investigated in a terra firme rain forest in central Amazonia. Measurements of photosynthesis were made on leaves at five levels in the canopy, and a model was fitted to describe photosynthetic capacity for each level. In addition, vertical profiles of photosynthetic photon flux density, leaf nitrogen concentration and specific leaf area were measured. The derived parameters for maximum rate of electron transport (J(max)) and maximum rate of carboxylation by Rubisco (V(cmax)) increased significantly with canopy height (P < 0.05). The highest J(max) for a single canopy level was measured at the penultimate canopy level (20 m) and was 103.9 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1) +/- 24.2 (SE). The highest V(cmax) per canopy height was recorded at the top canopy level (24 m) and was 42.8 +/- 5.9 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1). Values of J(max) and V(cmax) at ground level were 35.8 +/- 3.3 and 20.5 +/- 1.3 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1), espectively. The increase in photosynthetic capacity with increasing canopy height was strongly correlated with leaf nitrogen concentration when examined on a leaf area basis, but was only weakly correlated on a mass basis. The correlation on an area basis can be largely explained by the concomitant decrease in specific leaf area with increasing height. Apparent daytime leaf respiration, on an area basis, also increased significantly with canopy height (P < 0.05). We conclude that canopy photosynthetic capacity can be represented as an average vertical profile, perturbations of which may be explained by variations in the environmental variables driving photosynthesis.     

Quantitative exposure assessment for the combustion of meat and bone meal derived from specified risk material in the context of BSE in Ireland

The probability and severity of an adverse event can be analyzed by quantitative exposure assessment (QEA). This methodology was applied to model the human health risks associated with the combustion of specified risk material (SRM) derived meat and bone meal (MBM) in a combustion facility. The identification of MBM and SRM as significant factors in the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has resulted in restrictions on their use and movement, and this has led to a requirement for alternative end-uses for these products. A stochastic (Latin Hypercube sampling) simulation model was developed to assess the exposure and hence the risks associated with the use of SRM-derived MBM in a combustion facility. The model simulates the potential infectivity pathways that SRM-derived MBM follows, including its production from animals potentially infected with sub-clinical BSE and subsequent processing of the material with segregation and heat treatments. A failure probability was included to take account of sub-optimal operating conditions. Two scenarios, reflecting the infectivity risk in different animal tissues as defined by the European Commission's scientific steering committee (SSC), were performed with 100,000 iterations of the model. Model results showed that the societal exposure to humans resulting from the combustion of SRM-derived MBM is extremely small (mean values ranging from 7.57 x 10(-6) ID50/year to 8.38 x 10(-5) ID50/year). The resulting societal risks are significantly less than the background societal risk of approximately 2.5 cases of sporadic CJD in Ireland each year. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the species barrier had a large impact on exposure calculations and hence should be the focus of further scientific investigation to reduce our uncertainty about this parameter. The model predicts that material spillage into untreated effluent represents the biggest risk to humans, indicating that efforts for risk mitigation should be focused on reducing the potential for spillage.     

《饲料博览》（管理版）杂志

牛奶和奶制品如果能作为提供促进健康的特定营养素的传递系统，它将变得更具吸引力和价值。牛奶营养素的改善可以通过一些方式来实现，较好的方式有：改变机体内环境和直接调控农场的食物来源而不需要后续的操作。适合于典型牧场实践的方法，包括对理想表型性状的。选择，特定的营养饲料，长效的外源补充剂和瘤胃茵群的改善。     

水稻土微团聚体吸附磷后对Cu2+吸附与解吸的影响

采用超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区黄泥土(水稻土)微团聚体颗粒组,用平衡液吸附法和KCl溶液解吸法研究了太湖地区水稻土(黄泥土)不同粒径微团聚体颗粒和原土吸附磷后对Cu2+吸附与解吸的影响.结果表明,微团聚体颗粒(包括磷预处理)对Cu2+吸附均符合Freundlich方程.不同粒径微团聚体颗粒和原土的吸附量大小顺序为黏粒级、砂粒级、原土、粉砂级、粗粉砂级.游离氧化铁是影响Cu2+吸附的主要因素.各微团聚体颗粒Cu2+吸附量之和小于原土.微团聚体颗粒吸附磷后,Cu2+吸附量显著增加,以粉砂级最显著.砂粒级、粗粉砂级和粉砂级吸附磷后Cu2+解吸率减小,而黏粒级Cu2+解吸率略增加.原土吸附磷后,在低Cu2+质量浓度下(＜130 mg·L-1),吸附量和解吸率增加超过各个粒径微团聚体颗粒组,在高Cu2+质量浓度下(＞130 mg·L-1),介于砂粒级和黏粒级之间.     

原料、炭化温度和生物质炭组分对小白菜生长的影响

【目的】探究不同原料、炭化温度和生物质炭不同组分对植物生长的影响,进而揭示生物质炭的增产机制。【方法】分别以木屑和玉米秸秆为原料,在350、450、550℃下裂解得到生物质炭。采用热水浸提法将生物质炭中的可溶性组分（浸提液）与难溶性组分（炭骨架）分离。通过盆栽试验,研究不同生物质炭及组分对小白菜生长的影响。【结果】添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下,小白菜地上部生物量平均为16.1 g/盆,显著高于添加木屑生物质炭及其各组分（13.0 g/盆）和对照处理（13.5 g/盆）。与地上部生物量类似,添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下小白菜根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数等形态学指标较木屑生物质炭和对照处理显著改善。添加炭骨架处理下小白菜地上部生物量平均为16.5 g/盆,较添加原状生物质炭和浸提液分别提高26.9%和17.9%。添加炭骨架处理下小白菜根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数较添加浸提液处理分别提高64.1%、51.1%、38.3%和80.0%。不同炭化温度裂解得到的生物质炭对小白菜地上部生物量和根系生长无显著影响。与添加原状生物质炭处理相比,添加炭骨架处理下小白菜地上部氮含量提高25.9%,而磷和钾含量分别降低39.7%和14.1%。添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较添加木屑生物质炭处理分别提高0.1个单位、20.3%、19.1%、29.1%和189.2%。与添加原状生物质炭相比,添加生物质炭骨架处理下土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别降低14.6%、6.6%、41.3%和55.1%,土壤pH升高0.13个单位;而添加生物质炭浸提液处理下土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量分别降低49.8%、18.9%和24.2%,土壤pH和速效钾含量无显著变化。相关分析表明,不同处理下小白菜地上部生物量与根长、表面积、平均直径、根体积、根尖数等根系形态指标和土壤pH呈正相关,与小白菜地上部磷含量呈负相关。【结论】生物质炭制备原料和组成是影响植物生长的重要因素,玉米秸秆生物质炭较木屑生物质炭有更好的增产效果;玉米秸秆生物质炭经热水浸提后再添加至土壤中有更好的增产效果。生物质炭中可溶性组分对根系生长的促进作用是生物质炭增产的主要机制,而可溶性组分对根系促生作用与原料、制备温度和其本身物质组成密切相关。     

城市园林废弃物生物质炭对小白菜生长、 硝酸盐含量及氮素利用率的影响

【目的】我国温室种植蔬菜迅速发展,温室种植中肥料利用率低及蔬菜硝酸盐积累等问题日益突出。同时,我国城市化快速发展,城市园林废弃物日益增多,这些木质废弃物的处理也成为城市可持续发展的挑战。本文采用城市园林废弃物制成的生物质炭用于温室栽培生产,分析其对温室蔬菜产量和品质以及养分保持的影响,从而探索一种为绿色环保的现代城市农业服务的技术。【方法】本研究采用温室盆栽试验方法,以小白菜为研究对象,设置5个生物质炭添加水平。 C0 (0 g/kg, CK)、 C1(20 g/kg)、 C2(40 g/kg)、 C3(60 g/kg)和C4(80 g/kg)。研究生物质炭对小白菜产量、 植株硝酸盐含量、 土壤氮素含量与形态以及氮素保持效应的影响。【结果】与对照相比,添加不同比例的生物质炭均显著提高小白菜产量,其中,C3和C4处理下增产幅度达到75%,生物质炭添加量与产量呈显著正相关关系;生物质炭对小白菜植株地上部和地下部的影响并不一致,其中收获指数显著增加,提高幅度在2.5%～9.5%之间,有随着生物质炭用量增加而增加的趋势;对照处理小白菜地上部硝酸盐含量达504 mg/kg,各处理植株硝酸盐含量介于161～256 mg/kg之间,显著降低50%以上,特别是C1处理降低硝酸盐含量的幅度达到68%,而不同生物质炭添加量之间植株硝酸盐含量差异不显著;生物质炭的添加增加了土壤中总氮素的含量,氮素损失率由不施炭处理的5.6%降低到了3.3%以下,显著降低了42%,同时土壤氮素生产率较对照提高幅度大于35%;与C0相比较,生物质炭添加显著降低了土壤NO-3-N的积累,降低幅度在60%以上,生物质炭用量在4%左右时降低作用最大,达到80%,同时土壤NH+4-N在生物质炭添加下降低了77%,生物质炭对降低土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的累积作用并不与其用量呈正相关,铵硝比随着生物质炭添加量而呈下降的趋势;同时从研究结果看,产量与土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量呈负相关关系,与土壤全氮呈正相关关系,而蔬菜植株硝酸盐含量与土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量具有相关性,但与土壤全氮含量相关性不显著。【结论】温室大棚栽培小白菜的土壤中, 加入不同量的生物质炭能显著提高小白菜产量,同时降低小白菜植株的硝酸盐含量,添加量在2%时效果最好;土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累随生物质炭施入而降低;生物质炭显著降低氮素损失率而提高氮素生产率。本研究得出生物质炭通过降低损失、 吸持更多氮素而提高了氮素的持续供应,在增产的同时降低了蔬菜硝酸盐积累,提高了品质。因此,在温室大棚蔬菜生产的土壤中添加一定量生物质炭(本试验下添加2%～4%)可以达到高产和优质。     

麦秆还田方式对旱地土壤综合温室效应的影响

采用静态箱–气相色谱法,研究了秸秆还田方式对华北平原旱地玉米生长季土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放的影响。结果表明:小麦秸秆不同还田方式下,土壤CO2、CH4和N2O的排放动态无显著差异,但排放量因温室气体种类而异。秸秆直接还田处理的CO2、N2O排放量分别显著高于无秸秆还田、秸秆原位焚烧、生物质炭还田处理的29.7%、17.5%、31.7%和78.1%、76.3%、114.0%;而CH4排放量在各试验处理间无显著差异。从各处理的综合温室效应(GWP)来看,生物质炭还田处理的GWP比秸秆直接还田处理显著降低28.7%,而与无秸秆还田和秸秆原位焚烧处理无显著差异。考虑到作物产量变化,进一步分析表明,生物质炭还田处理温室气体强度(GHGI)比无秸秆还田和秸秆原位焚烧处理分别降低4.9%和14.9%,差异不显著,比秸秆直接还田处理显著降低36.0%。因此,在华北平原秸秆炭化生物质炭还田具有显著的综合减排作用,是一种土壤农田低碳生产的秸秆利用途径。     

太湖地区长期不同施肥水稻土N2和CO2固定细菌群落结构的特征与差异

土壤N2固定细菌和CO2固定细菌是土壤碳氮循环重要的微生物群落,不同施肥下土壤有机碳积累与这两类微生物群落结构及活性的关系有助于了解施肥对农田碳氮循环的影响特点.本文研究了太湖地区自1987年开始的水稻土长期施肥试验,选取不施肥(NF)、氮磷钾(NPK)肥(CF)、NPK肥与猪粪配施(CFM)和NPK肥与秸秆还田配施(CFS)小区,采集(0-20 cm)表层样本,以nifH和cbbLR基因分别作为N2和CO2固定细菌的指示基因,用PCR-DGGE和荧光定量PCR的方法研究二者的群落结构,并用平板菌落计数法测定土壤自生固氮细菌数量和用乙炔还原法测定土壤固氮酶活性.结果表明,与CF处理相比,CF、CFM和CFS处理下的自生固氮细菌数量分别提高了58％、66％和106％;CF、CFM和CFS处理下的nifH基因丰度分别提高了213％、1079％和344％.CF与CFM处理的土壤固氮酶活性显著高于NF和CFS处理.因此,施肥提高了cbbLR基因的多样性.与NF处理相比,CF、CFM和CFS处理下的cbbLR基因丰度分别提高了465％、1827％和758％.相关性分析表明,土壤自生固氮菌数量与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关,cbbLR和nifH基因丰度均与归一化的土壤养分呈极其显著正相关.研究表明,有机/无机肥配施下土壤养分平衡对维持N2和CO2固定细菌较高的丰度具有重要的作用.