2种栽培环境对铁皮石斛内生细菌多样性的影响

  目的  揭示不同栽培环境对铁皮石斛Dendrobium catenatum内生细菌群落结构的影响，解析与石斛多糖含量存在潜在关联的功能菌种。  方法  针对温室人工基质培养和仿野生立木附生培养2种栽培体系下的铁皮石斛C9品系根、茎、叶等各部组织内生细菌，采用Illumina测序平台的Miseq进行高通量测序分析其菌落结构和多样性，同时利用逐步回归法分析内生细菌分布与组织多糖质量分数的关联性。  结果  铁皮石斛在2种栽培环境不同组织中的菌群结构差异显著（P < 0.05），附生立木仿野生环境比温室环境下物种丰富度更高。同时，根部所含分类操作单元（OTUs）数量最多（112~630个），叶部则最少（28~73个）。其中，厚壁菌门Firmicutes（16.7%~34.9%）、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes（8.7%~35.6%）和变形菌门Proteobacteria（15.9%~42.0%）的OTUs占优势。从菌种生理功能上看，固氮相关的菌种如弗兰克菌科Frankiaceae在树培环境下相对丰度更高，推测可能受树培寡氮环境的影响使固氮菌富集。逐步回归分析结果显示:不动杆菌Acinetobacter在根、茎、叶不同组织中的相对丰度与多糖质量分数变化关联度最大，其次为假单胞菌Pseudomonas。  结论  铁皮石斛内生细菌资源相当丰富，而栽培方式影响菌群分布，且与石斛多糖质量分数具有关联性。     

Isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria with plant growth promoting and biocontrol potential from oak trees

Samples of roots, leaves and stems of healthy oak trees were collected from various locations in the Baneh and Marivan regions, Iran. In total, 63 endophytic bacteria were isolated and grouped according to phenotypic properties. Seven selected isolates were further identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Isolates Pp54, Pp88, Pp95 and Pp177 were Pseudomonas spp., isolates Sm59 and Sm79 were Stenotrophomonas spp., and isolate Bf 172 was a Bacillus sp. The ability of these isolates for plant hormone production such as auxin and gibberellin was evaluated, along with siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, protease and hydrogen cyanide production. All strains produced auxin and gibberellin in different amounts. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation ability was positive for strains Sm79, Pp54, Pp88 and Pp95. All strains except Sm79 solubilized phosphate. Strains Sm59, SM79, Pp88, Pp177 and Bf172 produced protease. Pp88, Pp95, Bf172 and Pp177 were able to produce siderophore. Strains Sm79 and Pp95 released low concentrations of hydrogen cyanide. Amongst the strains tested, Pp95, Pp88, Pp177 and Sm79 had different inhibitory effects on the bacterial plant pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae under in vitro conditions. This is the first reported case of endophytic Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas strains from oak trees in Iran.     

Molecular phylogeny and diversity of Myanmar and Bhutan mithun based on mtDNA sequences

The mithun (Bos frontalis), synonymous with mithan and gayal, is considered to be a domesticated form of gaur (B. gaurus). However, there has been a controversy concerning its origin. In an effort to address this issue, the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) genes of 20 mithun from Myanmar and 13 from Bhutan were sequenced to trace its maternal origin. Seven cytb haplotypes were found in the 33 mithun, and the phylogenetic tree for these haplotypes clearly showed three embranchments involving five gaur types, a B. indicus type, and a B. taurus type. Sixteen Myanmar and 12 Bhutan mithun had gaur haplotypes, while a B. indicus haplotype was found in three Myanmar and one Bhutan mithun. The B. taurus haplotype was detected in a single Myanmar animal. These results demonstrated that the principal maternal origin of mithun was gaur and suggested that it was directly domesticated from gaur. However, some introgression of domestic cattle existed in current mithun populations. The presence of cattle mtDNA raised the question of how many cattle nuclear genes might have been integrated into the gene pool of mithun.     

季节性不对称模拟增温对青藏高原高寒草甸群落特征的影响

为探究全球气候变暖对青藏高原高寒草甸的影响,本文采用开顶式生长室(Open-top chambers,OTC)增温方式进行不对称季节性模拟增温,设置全年增温(T1)、夏秋冬季增温(T2)和春夏秋季增温(T3)3组不同处理,分析高寒草甸的群落组成及群落特征的变化。结果表明,增温后群落的优势种发生变化;群落的平均高度增加,其中T1和T3处理的群落平均高度显著增加;群落平均盖度无显著变化,但禾本科植物的高度和盖度增加;不同季节增温后群落的Patrick丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数均有不同程度的变化,Pielou均匀度指数则无明显变化,表现为T1处理的群落丰富度、多样性指数和优势度指数显著降低,T3处理的丰富度和多样性指数显著降低。高寒草甸植物群落对不同季节增温处理的响应程度有所不同。     

基于卫星遥感和自动气象站数据反演稻田气温——以安徽省为例

随着全球气温变暖和高温事件的频繁出现,水稻遭受高温影响的概率也随之增加。稻田气温是研究水稻遭受高温热害及其影响的数据基础。因此,大范围地反演稻田气温,有助于相关部门短时间内获取大范围的稻田气温数据并进行水稻高温热害的研究和决策部署。本文利用MOD09A1 8天合成数据对安徽省水稻种植区域提取,水稻种植区内的自动气象站气温数据与MOD11A1、MYD11A1 4个LST值进行多元逐步回归,得到遥感估算最高气温和平均气温方程最优,R²分别为0.728和0.825,均方根误差分别为(RSME)2.21、1.54,平均绝对误差(MEA)分别为1.73、1.15,最终完成基于卫星遥感信息和自动气象站气温数据反演稻田气温的方法的开发。将该方法应用于2017年安徽省水稻种植区的提取和气温的反演得到了很好的应用。     

基于转录组测序数据的青稞WRKY基因家族的生物信息学分析

WRKY是植物中一类重要的转录因子,广泛调控了植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫应答。基于青稞白粉病侵染幼苗的转录组测序数据,本研究鉴定得到41个青稞WRKY转录因子,被划分为3个大组:Ⅰ组(6个)、Ⅱ组(21个)和Ⅲ组(12个)。另外,Hv WRKY40和Hv WRKY41没有分组。青稞WRKY基因进化分析的聚类结果和分组结果一致,进一步支持了我们分组的正确性。包括HvWRKY2、HvWRKY8、HvWRKY13、HvWRKY34和HvWRKY41,以及HvWRKY4、HvWRKY7、HvWRKY20、HvWRKY26和HvWRKY30在内的两组WRKY基因,表现出明显的先升高(36 h和72 h),后降低(168 h)的基因表达趋势。这些WRKY基因很可能参与了调控青稞抗白粉病的分子应答机制。青稞WRKY家族的蛋白相互作用网络中,Hv WRKY3、Hv WRKY8、Hv WRKY9属于网络中的主要中心节点。此外,Hv WRKY3、Hv WRKY8、Hv WRKY9、Hv WRKY30、HvWRKY34、Hv WRKY38、Hv WRKY39彼此之间相互作用,是蛋白互作网络的核心网络。本研究挖掘了青稞的WRKY家族成员,系统分析了家族成员的分组、家族成员的WRKY保守域特点、家族成员之间的进化关系、白粉菌侵染下的基因表达水平和家族成员的蛋白互作网络。本研究可为今后青稞的抗逆研究提供优良的候选WRKY基因。     

A mutation in Waxy gene affects amylose content,starch granules and kernel characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Waxy barley referred to as low‐amylose or amylose‐free has special advantages in nutrition composition and food processing. Waxy gene encoding granule–bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) is responsible for amylose synthesis in barley. The G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T in Waxy gene has been previously found in amylose–free barley. In this study, G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T was proved to co‐segregate with the waxy phenotype of barley, but has no obvious effect on GBSSI catalytic activity and starch chain length distribution. However, recombinant inbred lines with G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T in Waxy gene are of significant modification in starch granules morphology and pasting properties, increase of grain β‐glucan content, and decrease of thousand kernel weight along with lower kernel width. A polymerase chain reaction with confronting two–pair primers marker was developed for economic and efficient screening of G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T. This study provides the basis for cultivar improvement of waxy barley then fully developing its potential value and utility in food processing.     

Milk protein polymorphisms in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis) and yak (Bos grunniens) breeds and their hybrids indigenous to Bhutan

In the current study, milk protein variation was examined in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis), yak (Bos grunniens) and their hybrid populations in Bhutan to estimate genetic variability, conduct genetic characterization and assess the possibility of gene flow between mithun and cattle. Isoelectric focusing of 372 milk samples from 11 populations detected four molecular types of β‐lactoglobulin (A, B, E and M), five molecular types of α_S1‐casein (A, B, C, E and X) and three molecular types of k‐casein (A, B and X). Mithun and yak shared alleles but were found to exhibit different allele frequencies for the proteins studied. The degree of genetic variability within populations was measured by average heterozygosity and ranged from 24–40% in cattle, 26% for yak and 33% for mithun. We also resolved the traditional mithun and cattle hybridization system via principal component analysis. Our results suggested secondary introgression of mithun genes to the village Thrabum population, and a close genetic relationship between Bhutanese indigenous cattle and Indian cattle.     

西藏乳业发展现状与趋势

近几年,世界乳业发展相对平稳,给中国乳业发展提供了利好环境,中国乳业在历经了倒退期及恢复期后,进入了结构调整期,乳业市场整体发展趋势较好。在此背景下,西藏乳业迎来了良好的发展机遇。阐述了西藏乳业近几年的发展概况,并对其未来发展中存在的优势及劣势进行了分析,同时提出了建议,为政府及企业提供参考,以推动西藏乳业更好更快地发展。      

青稞全麦粉与面粉及其饼干的品质研究

为了解青稞全麦食品的营养及品质,为其进一步发展和应用提供理论基础,以10份青稞全麦粉和面粉(去麸粉)为原料,加工成100%的青稞全麦粉饼干和面粉饼干,并对其营养品质、功能特性及质构特性进行了比较。结果显示,10份青稞材料的直链淀粉含量为19.50%～26.60%;全麦粉的β-葡聚糖(5.09%)、蛋白质(12.00%)、Cu(6.17μg·g^-1)、Mn(14.12μg·g^-1)和Zn(24.89μg·g^-1)含量均高于面粉中相应组分的含量,但其总淀粉含量(64.5%)低于面粉中总淀粉含量(70.18%);青稞全麦粉饼干和面粉饼干中营养组分的差异与原材料中的差异趋势一致。淀粉体外水解模拟显示,全麦粉的最大淀粉降解水平(58.91%)和血糖指数(90.37)均低于面粉(66.07%和97.85),且其非常快速消化淀粉(VRDS)和快速消化淀粉(RDS)含量也低于面粉,而慢速消化淀粉(SDS)和抗性淀粉(RS)含量则相反;全麦粉饼干和面粉饼干的淀粉体外水解差异与原材料的差异趋势一致。饼干质构特性分析显示,全麦粉饼干的硬度(1 096.88g)、脆性(751.15g·s^-1)和咀嚼性(987.29g·s^-1)均大于面粉饼干(947.21g、683.74g·s^-1和724.76g·s^-1)。综上所述,青稞全麦粉比青稞面粉具有更高的营养价值,青稞全麦粉饼干比面粉饼干不仅具有较高的营养价值和功能特性,并具有独特的口感,是健康饮食的最佳选择之一。