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1.
A mechanistic model called PLASMO was developed earlier to simulate grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and has been applied in several viticultural areas of Italy since 1988 by the collaboration of several research institutions of Firenze. In this study, a new simulation model based on fuzzy logic has been developed for the same structure (biological cycle of P. viticola). This approach allows classical quantitative information to be used together with qualitative information. Vague concepts can also be handled. Agrometeorological data is used, with an hourly time step, starting from budbreak to the end of the growing season. Air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and leaf wetness are required. The simulated processes are the growth of grapevine leaf area and the main phases of the biological cycle of the pathogen: incubation, sporulation, germination, spore survival and inoculation. The main epidemiological outputs are timing of infection events and disease intensity. The performance of the model is evaluated and the mechanistic and fuzzy logic approaches are compared. 相似文献
2.
European Journal of Forest Research - 相似文献
3.
Background, Aim and Scope
Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter
Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants
- Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges.
For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence,
Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants.
Background, Aim and Scope Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate
in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural
soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge.
For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence,
Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants.
Materials and Methods:
In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants.
In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural,
urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge
samples were developed and applied.
Results:
The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented
about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg
dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated,
similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water.
Discussion:
PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to
the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for
AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic
mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated
sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter
reached higher levels compared to the summer.
Conclusions:
The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use.
Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage
sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives. 相似文献
4.
Prange A Modrow H Hormes J Krämer J Köhler P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(17):6930-6938
Cereals contaminated by Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and Fusarium spp. and their mycotoxins, for example, ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON), are not only a risk to human and animal health but can also show poor technological properties and baking quality. The influence of these genera on the sulfur speciation of low molecular weight (LMW) subunits of glutenin was characterized by investigating suboptimally stored wheat samples in situ by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and baking tests. Field fungi of the genus Fusarium have hardly any influence on both the sulfur speciation of wheat gluten proteins and the baking properties, whereas storage fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium have a direct influence. An increased amount of sulfur in sulfonic acid state was found, which is not available for thiol/disulfide exchange reactions in the gluten network, and thus leads to a considerably reduced baking volume. From changes of the composition of the mould flora during suboptimal storage of wheat and from the mycotoxin contents, it can be concluded that microbial competitive interactions play an important role in the development of the mould flora and the mycotoxin concentrations during (suboptimal) storage of wheat. 相似文献
5.
Christopher Foote Chris T. Darimont Michel Baguette Simon Blanchet Luke M. Jacobus Dominique Mazzi Josef Settele 《BMC ecology》2017,17(1):28
For the fifth year, BMC Ecology is proud to present the winning images from our annual image competition. The 2017 edition received entries by talented shutterbug-ecologists from across the world, showcasing research that is increasing our understanding of ecosystems worldwide and the beauty and diversity of life on our planet. In this editorial we showcase the winning images, as chosen by our Editorial Board and guest judge Chris Darimont, as well as our selection of highly commended images. Enjoy! 相似文献
6.
7.
Sting R Kopp J Mandl J Seeh C Seemann G Kimmig P Schmitt K Mentrup T 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,115(9-10):360-365
Investigations of 1167 dairy cows out of 105 herds with fertility disorders on secretion of Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) by the genitals as well as serological studies of these animals using ELISA demonstrated that C. burnetii infections are significantly associated with abortions but not with repeated inseminations without success or vaginal excretions. The demonstration of an increased risk of infections for persons caring for those dairy herds could be shown by a total of 253 serological studies. A comparison of these studies of farmers caring for dairy herds suffering from abortions a seroprevalence of > or = 20% showed that these persons revealed significantly more frequent antibodies against C. burnetii than farmers of the group compared with. Further studies showed that in herds suffering from abortions a seroprevalence of > or = 20% means an additional risk of infections of farmers. Vice versa abortions of the cows in herds with a seroprevalence of > or = 20% imply an additional infectious risk. 相似文献
8.
9.
The storage of unfertilized oocytes, either immature, maturing or mature, is still unsatisfactory. Here we describe an approach in which germinal vesicles isolated as karyoplasts from immature oocytes are vitrified by open the pulled straws (OPS) method in evacuated porcine zonae pellucidae. After thawing, their survival was almost absolute. Moreover, when thawed GV-karyoplasts were fused to immature oocyte cytoplasts the maturation of reconstructed cells resulted in the production of secondary oocytes--metaphase II. 相似文献
10.
Crackower MA Kolas NK Noguchi J Sarao R Kikuchi K Kaneko H Kobayashi E Kawai Y Kozieradzki I Landers R Mo R Hui CC Nieves E Cohen PE Osborne LR Wada T Kunieda T Moens PB Penninger JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5623):1291-1295
Meiosis is a critical stage of gametogenesis in which alignment and synapsis of chromosomal pairs occur, allowing for the recombination of maternal and paternal genomes. Here we show that FK506 binding protein (Fkbp6) localizes to meiotic chromosome cores and regions of homologous chromosome synapsis. Targeted inactivation of Fkbp6 in mice results in aspermic males and the absence of normal pachytene spermatocytes. Moreover, we identified the deletion of Fkbp6 exon 8 as the causative mutation in spontaneously male sterile as/as mutant rats. Loss of Fkbp6 results in abnormal pairing and misalignments between homologous chromosomes, nonhomologous partner switches, and autosynapsis of X chromosome cores in meiotic spermatocytes. Fertility and meiosis are normal in Fkbp6 mutant females. Thus, Fkbp6 is a component of the synaptonemal complex essential for sex-specific fertility and for the fidelity of homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis. 相似文献