内陆河水资源合理利用的优化分配方法

依据内陆河流域不同区域在水资源条件、气候条件、经济发展水平及水资源利用途径等方面的差异性，以及时序上水资源的利用规律，提出了旨在合理利用水资源，改善生态环境的水资源优化分配方法。通过在黑河流域的实例应用，论证了该方法的有效性。     

Influences of alpine ecosystem responses to climatic change on soil properties on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China

Alpine ecosystems are quite sensitive to global climatic changes. Drawing from two sets of remote sensing data (1986 and 2000) and field investigations, the ecological index method was used to document ecosystem changes in the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions of central Qinghai–Tibet. Although crucial to understanding alpine ecosystem responses to global climatic changes, and in assessing the potential for their rehabilitation, the impact of such changes on alpine soil characteristics, including structure, composition, water retention, as well as chemical and nutrient contents, is poorly understood. Over a 15-year period (1986–2000), climatic changes led to considerable degradation of alpine meadows and steppes. In the meadows, the surface layers of the soil became coarser, bulk density, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity rose, while water-holding capacity decreased. In comparison, steppe soils showed little changes in soil physical properties. Degradation of alpine ecosystems led to large losses in soil available Fe, Mn and Zn. Important losses in soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) occurred in badly degraded ecosystems. Climate warming in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, caused by the impact of greenhouse gas, has resulted in changes of cold alpine ecosystem such as the significant alteration of the soil C and N cycles.     

Effects of drought and nitrogen addition on photosynthetic characteristics and resource allocation of Abies fabri seedlings in eastern Tibetan Plateau

Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib is an endemic and dominant species in typical sub-alpine dark coniferous forests distributed in mountainous regions of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We investigated the ecophysiological responses of A. fabri seedlings to short-term artificially-applied drought, nitrogen addition alone, and the combination of these treatments. Drought was created by excluding natural precipitation with an automatically controlled plastic roof that covered the seedlings. Nitrogen fertilization was applied weekly by spraying over seedlings with ammonium nitrate solution. Experiment results showed that drought caused a reduction in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and leaf mass per area. Nitrogen addition enhanced photosynthetic performance by increasing net photosynthetic rate. In the drought plots, nitrogen addition increased net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency. These results showed that applied nitrogen improved plant water use efficiency and N accumulation in plant organs under drought conditions. Especially under drought conditions more N was concentrated into needles by applied nitrogen as compared with other organs. In conclusion, our results indicated that the combination of nitrogen addition and drought may result in positive effects on A. fabri seedlings in the short-term.     

凋落物和增温联合作用对峨眉冷杉幼苗抗氧化特征的影响

峨眉冷杉林是青藏高原东缘亚高山暗针叶林的重要组成部分,其自然更新对全球变化非常敏感,是研究气候变化对陆地生态系统影响的代表性森林类型.以峨眉冷杉幼苗为研究对象,以开顶式增温小室(Open top chambers,OTCs)和电热棒联合的方式增加环境温度,人为添加不同类型凋落物(A,75％峨眉冷杉针叶+25％杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物;B,55％峨眉冷杉针叶+45％杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物),共设置4个处理:(1)凋落物A+增温T(A-T);(2)凋落物B+增温T(B-T);(3)凋落物A+环境温度TO(A-T0);(4)凋落物B+环境温度TO(B-TO).研究增温和两种类型凋落物联合作用下峨眉冷杉幼苗的生理生态响应特征.得到以下结果:(1)在环境温度下,A型凋落物情景下的冷杉幼苗的电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量、超氧阴离子自由基产生率比B型情景下高;而可溶性糖和淀粉含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物氢酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比B型凋落物情景下低.说明在当前环境温度下,B型凋落物比A型凋落物更加适合冷杉幼苗的生长.(2)在A型凋落物情景下,增温处理显著增加了冷杉幼苗叶片的自由脯氨酸含量和过氧化氢浓度;在B型凋落物情景下,增温处理显著降低了冷杉幼苗丙二醛、自由脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和淀粉含量,增加了超氧阴离子自由基产生速率.可见,与A型凋落物相比,增温使得B型凋落物情景下的冷杉幼苗膜伤害程度减小.(3)不同类型凋落物与增温的联合作用均降低了冷杉幼苗的可溶性糖和淀粉含量.与A-T处理相比,B-T处理下冷杉幼苗叶片的电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量更低,而POD、APX、GR、CAT抗氧化酶活性却更高.研究结果表明,针叶成分相对较少的B型凋落物更有利于峨眉冷杉幼苗适应未来气候变暖情景.     

Soil C and N Content Under Evolving Landscapes in an Arid Inland River Basin of Northwest China

The state of a landscape is primarily reflected by its soil nutrients and organic matter status, which in turn are related to the type, size and number of landscape elements or patches. Evolving landscape patterns inevitably cause an evolution in ecosystem functionality. In particular, in arid regions, gained, lost and existing soil N and C pools have important ecological implications. The impacts of evolving landscapes in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin of northwest China on soil organic C and N losses were assessed by both quantitative and computer modelling methods. In the period 1987-1997, patch transitions of the regions evolving landscapes have been predominantly characterized by a farmland expansion of 1.510³ km², and the desertification of 15.12% of existing farmlands into desert. As the result of such changes, alpine steppe and piedmont warm and desert steppe decreased by 43.9% and 2.72% respectively, whereas, plain swamp meadow and gobi and sandy desert increased by 13.2% and 10.77%, respectively. Consequently, soil organic matter and N contents decreased significantly in most landscape patches. In the study region, over these ten years, net soil organic C and N losses reached 5.30 Gg and 0.51 Gg, respectively, a pattern repeated over the entire arid inland region of northwest China, due to similar hydrological resources and patterns of regional development. Large soil C and N losses caused by landscape changes will inevitably result in significant new environmental problems.     

Changes in soil physicochemical and microbial properties along elevation gradients in two forest soils

The effects of the interaction between tree species composition and altitude on soil microbial properties are poorly understood. In this study, soil samples (0–20?cm) were collected in August 2011 from Betula platyphylla and Picea crassifolia forests along two different altitudinal gradients. Soil microbial activity and biomass were measured using Biolog-ECO plates and phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Both of the forest soils were characterized by a significantly lower soil pH (p?p?相似文献   

Effects of permafrost thawing on vegetation and soil carbon pool losses on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China

Bearing a total organic carbon (TOC) content of 9.3–10.7 kg C/m², alpine grassland soils of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau's permafrost region bear a greater organic carbon pool than do grassland soils in other regions of China or than tropical savannah soils. The easily released light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) accounts for 34–54% of the TOC and is particularly enriched in the topsoil (0–0.10 m). The LFOC in the organic carbon pool of alpine cold meadow and alpine cold steppe soils decreased at exponential and quadratic rates, respectively, as the vegetative cover decreased. When the vegetative cover of alpine cold meadows decreased from > 80 dm²/m² to 60 dm²/m², the topsoil TOC and LFOC dropped by 20.4% and 38.4%, respectively. Similarly, when the vegetative cover of alpine cold meadow decreased from 50 dm²/m² to 30 dm²/m² and < 15 dm²/m², the topsoil LFOC content dropped by 60% and 86.7%, respectively. Under climatic warming, the degradation of permafrost and vegetation have resulted in serious soil organic carbon (SOC) loss from the carbon pool. Land cover changes that occurred between 1986 and 2000 are estimated to have resulted in a 1.8 Gg C (120 Mg C/yr) loss in SOC, and a concomitant 65% decrease in the LFOC, in the 0–0.30 m soil layer in the Qinghai–Tibet plateau's permafrost regions. Since the region's ecosystems are quite sensitive to global climate changes, if global warming persists, alpine cold grassland ecosystems are expected to further degrade. Hence, the influence of global climatic change on soil carbon emissions from alpine grasslands should receive more attention.     

贡嘎山不同海拔森林土壤热通量垂直梯带时空变异特征

基于贡嘎山垂直植被带谱3种典型森林(阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林)土壤热通量的连续观测,分析了土壤热通量的时空变异规律及其影响因子.结果表明:月尺度上,阔叶林土壤热通量在3—8月、针阔混交林、针叶林在4—8月以向下传输为主,其他月份为向上传输为主;阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林年总土壤热通量分别为-1.88、-13.78和-9.61 MJ·m-2,占年净辐射的百分比分别为0.07％、0.47％、0.35％,说明年尺度土壤热通量并未达到平衡.土壤热通量对净辐射存在迟滞效应,阔叶林和针阔混交林反馈要迟滞3 h,针叶林为6 h.3种森林类型土壤热通量占净辐射比例随叶面积指数增大而减小.净辐射、2 m气温、5 cm土壤温度、10 cm土壤温度和叶面积指数共同影响着土壤热通量的季节变化.在阔叶林和针阔混交林中,净辐射相对贡献率最高(34.54％,30.12％);在针叶林中,叶面积指数贡献率最高(27.47％).阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林土壤热通量没有表现出明显的海拔梯度规律,但阔叶林土壤热通量与针阔混交林和针叶林差异显著.土壤热通量表现出明显的差异性,主要是受到植被和气候因子共同影响.     

经济林毛竹林资产评估初探

以淳安县大市镇上坊、田门宅、孙家畈3个村的经济林、毛竹林资产为例，初步探讨了经济林（茶叶、柑桔）及稳产毛竹林、新垦复毛竹林的几种评估方法，得出这3个村的经济林资产总值为2240360元，毛竹林资产总值为4457141元。     

试论内陆河流域水资源费的构成与确定

内陆河流域水资源的分布特征与利用条件在不同地区间的显著差异性，以及生态环境体系的极度脆弱等特点，决定了其水价政策不仅要具有经济杠杆作用，体现所有者的经济利益，而且要能有效地调节水资源在上、中、下游，在经济发展和生态环境维护之间的合理分配，同时还应具有在时空及水质方面的可伸缩性。