Anleitung zur Drainage von J. Ropp,Professor der Forstwissenschaft am eidgen. Polytechnikum in Zürich. Mit zahlreichen Holzschnitten,lithogr. Abbildungen und 2 Plänen. Frauenfeld. J. Huber. 1865

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Litterarische Berichte

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Factors influencing the variation of some properties of soils in relation to their suitability for direct drilling

Soils from fifteen field experiments in the United Kingdom and one in France that compared direct drilling with mouldboard ploughing were examined with respect to their composition and physical properties. Indices of the stability and shrinkage of soil aggregates were obtained by measurement and an index of compactability was derived from an established relationship. It was hypothesized that these properties were possible determinants of soil responses to zero-tillage.Aggregate stability and shrinkage were correlated with organic carbon and clay content, respectively. Organic matter contents were greater at the surface of direct-drilled soils than in the complete topsoil layer after direct drilling or ploughing. In some cases the increase in organic matter significantly improved the physical properties of the soils.The three indices, of stability, shrinkage and compactability, were each ranked in high intermediate or low groups, and the soils classified according to their ratings in these groups. The resulting classification broadly agreed with a previous one of soil suitability for sequential direct drilling mainly based on experimental agronomy.     

Structural basis for specific substrate recognition by the chloroplast signal recognition particle protein cpSRP43

Secretory and membrane proteins carry amino-terminal signal sequences that, in cotranslational targeting, are recognized by the signal recognition particle protein SRP54 without sequence specificity. The most abundant membrane proteins on Earth are the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (LHCPs). They are synthesized in the cytoplasm, imported into the chloroplast, and posttranslationally targeted to the thylakoid membrane by cpSRP, a heterodimer formed by cpSRP54 and cpSRP43. We present the 1.5 angstrom crystal structure of cpSRP43 characterized by a unique arrangement of chromodomains and ankyrin repeats. The overall shape and charge distribution of cpSRP43 resembles the SRP RNA, which is absent in chloroplasts. The complex with the internal signal sequence of LHCPs reveals that cpSRP43 specifically recognizes a DPLG peptide motif. We describe how cpSPR43 adapts the universally conserved SRP system to posttranslational targeting and insertion of the LHCP family of membrane proteins.     

Application of multiplatform,multispectral remote sensors for mapping intertidal macroalgae: A comparative approach

1. Intertidal macroalgal communities are economically and ecologically important and, with a likely increase in anthropogenic pressures, there is need to evaluate and monitor these diverse habitats. Efforts to conserve and sustainably manage these habitats must be underpinned by accurate, cost‐effective, and efficient data collection methods. The high spatial and temporal resolution of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), compared with satellites and aircraft, combined with the development of lightweight sensors, provides researchers with a valuable set of tools to research intertidal macroalgal communities.
2. The ability of multispectral sensors, mounted on a satellite, an aircraft, and a UAV, to identify and accurately map the intertidal brown fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Ochrophyta) at a site with a low species diversity of macroalgae were compared.
3. Visual analysis confirmed that the spatial resolution of satellite imagery was too coarse to map intertidal macroalgae as it could not capture the fine spatial patterns of the macroalgal community. High‐resolution RGB (colour) imagery, taken during the aircraft and UAV surveys, was used to collect training and reference data through the visual identification and digital delineation of species. Classes were determined based on the level of taxonomic detail that could be observed, with higher levels of taxonomic detail observed in the UAV imagery over the aircraft imagery. Data from both were used to train a maximum‐likelihood classifier (MLC).
4. The UAV imagery was able to more accurately classify a distinct A. nodosum class, along with other macroalgal and substratum classes (overall accuracy, OA, 92%), than the aerial imagery, which could only identify a lower taxonomic resolution of mixed A. nodosum and fucoid class, achieving a lower OA (78.9%). This study has demonstrated that in a coastal site with low macroalgal species diversity, and despite the spectral similarity of macroalgal species, UAV‐mounted multispectral sensors proved the most accurate for focused assessments of individual canopy‐forming species.

     

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Algae-Derived Lipid Extracts on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Stimulated Human THP-1 Macrophages

Algae contain a number of anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and chlorophyll a, hence as dietary ingredients, their extracts may be effective in chronic inflammation-linked metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. In this study, anti-inflammatory potential of lipid extracts from three red seaweeds (Porphyra dioica, Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus) and one microalga (Pavlova lutheri) were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages. Extracts contained 34%–42% total fatty acids as n-3 PUFA and 5%–7% crude extract as pigments, including chlorophyll a, β-carotene and fucoxanthin. Pretreatment of the THP-1 cells with lipid extract from P. palmata inhibited production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 (p < 0.05) and IL-8 (p < 0.05) while that of P. lutheri inhibited IL-6 (p < 0.01) production. Quantitative gene expression analysis of a panel of 92 genes linked to inflammatory signaling pathway revealed down-regulation of the expression of 14 pro-inflammatory genes (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, TRAF5, TRAF6, TNFSF18, IL6R, IL23, CCR1, CCR4, CCL17, STAT3, MAP3K1) by the lipid extracts. The lipid extracts effectively inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling pathways mediated via toll-like receptors, chemokines and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling molecules. These results suggest that lipid extracts from P. lutheri, P. palmata, P. dioica and C. crispus can inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory pathways in human macrophages. Therefore, algal lipid extracts should be further explored as anti-inflammatory ingredients for chronic inflammation-linked metabolic diseases.