SMALL INTESTINAL EMPTYING TIME IN NORMAL BEAGLE DOGS

Gastric emptying time and small intestinal transit time in dogs are frequently discussed. However, it is often of interest to the radiologist to know what normal small intestinal emptying times should be. A total of 15 upper gastrointestinal studies was performed on five internal parasite-free, normal, standard Beagle dogs with three studies on each dog, 6 days apart. The ages and weights of the dogs ranged from 2–8 years and from 12.4–13.7 kg, respectively. Following 24-hour fasting, a dose of 10 ml/kg bw of 60% wt/vol barium sulfate suspension was administered through a stomach tube. Then, sequential radiographs were made at 30-minute intervals until the entire contrast medium column was in the colon and cecum. The mean, standard deviation, and range of gastric emptying time, small intestinal transit time, and small intestinal emptying time were 76 ± 16.7 (30–120), 73 ± 16.4 (30–120), and 214 ± 25.1 (180–300) minutes, respectively. This study offers the possibility that small intestinal emptying time may be used to further evaluate patients with suspected small intestinal partial obstruction, pseudo-obstruction, ischemia, or lymphangiectasia.     

不同温度下绿僵菌对东亚飞蝗3龄蝗蝻的致病力影响

采用体表接菌法测定了商品生物农药金龟子绿僵菌油悬浮剂PD20080671在15、20、25、30、35和40℃等6个不同温度条件下对东亚飞蝗3龄蝗蝻的致病力的影响。结果表明：东亚飞蝗3龄蝗蝻的累积死亡率在接菌后19 d内均随天数的增加而升高。35℃的累积死亡率最高（82.50%），显著高于其他处理；40℃的累积死亡率最低，为55.00%。死亡个体的湿度培养结果显示绿僵菌在高温条件下萌发的时间较短，40℃为4.26 d，15℃为19.36 d。结果表明环境温度低于15℃或高于35℃都不利于绿僵菌杀死蝗虫。因此，在田间施用金龟子绿僵菌防治东亚飞蝗时应尽量避免高温天气，建议在上午低温时进行防治。     

Applying the double knock technique to control Conyza bonariensis

Sequential applications of glyphosate followed by another postemergent herbicide, known as the "double knock" technique, were trialled for their effectiveness in controlling Conyza bonariensis . Combinations of glyphosate with and without 2,4-D followed by paraquat plus diquat, paraquat, or 2,4-D were tested at a range of follow-up application times in two field and two pot experiments. The results showed that paraquat plus diquat or paraquat following glyphosate or glyphosate plus 2,4-D provided highly effective weed control compared to glyphosate alone. The optimum timing for follow-up applications of paraquat or paraquat plus diquat was between 5 and 7 days after the initial glyphosate application. Combined applications of glyphosate and 2,4-D, compared to split applications, were not significantly different. However, following glyphosate application with 2,4-D >1 day later considerably reduced the level of control. This study showed that the double knock technique is highly effective in controlling C. bonariensis and is rapidly becoming an important tool in the management of this problem weed.