Optimization of Farmyard Manure to Substitute Mineral Fertilizer for Sustainable Productivity and Higher Carbon Sequestration Potential and Profitability under Gardenpea-French Bean Cropping System in the Indian Himalayas

Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and sustainability of gardenpea-french bean cropping system was assessed with farmyard manure (FYM) application vis-à-vis mineral fertilization as recommended NPK (NPK) and integrated nutrient management practices (INM) after six years’ cropping in Indian Himalayas. Application of 20 tons FYM ha^?1 provided highest CSP (0.527 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) in soil and sustainability index. With the help of quadratic equations, it was estimated that maximum profit (optimum yield) and turn over of invested money could be achieved with application of 20.0 and 15.6 t FYM ha^?1, respectively. Application of 5.9 and 8.9 tons FYM ha^?1 would substitute NPK and INM, respectively. Pod number plant^?1 was the most important yield-contributing attribute as found from principal component analysis. Pod yield could be modelled through multiple linear equation with help of yield attributes.     

Soil Chemical and Biological Activities under Vegetable Intensive Colocasia-based Cropping System in Indian Sub-Himalayas

ABSTRACT

Lack of crop diversification with suitable vegetable-based cropping system is a major constraint in limiting the productivity and sustainability of north-western Indian sub-Himalayas. To find out a sustainable vegetable-based cropping system in this region, a three year colocasia-based vegetable intensive experiment was conducted at Hawalbagh, Almora, India in a sandy clay loam soil under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Seven colocasia-based vegetable cropping systems along with rice–wheat system were compared under recommended package and practices. The system productivity in terms of colocasia equivalent yield was highest under colocasia–onion–frenchbean (52.38 Mg ha^?1) system. Sustainable yield index was highest with colocasia–gardenpea–frenchbean system (0.86). After 3 years, total soil organic carbon (0–5%), available N (2–22%), P (–7% to 14%) and K (3–15%) concentrations were increased in all cropping systems except rice–wheat system, where negative balance of available P (7%) was observed over that of initial soil. Significantly higher soil microbial activity, soil carbohydrate, dehydrogenase, protease, acid and alkaline phosphatases activity were observed under colocasia–onion system. The results suggest that colocasia–onion–frenchbean system with higher productivity improves soil fertility and enhances enzymatic activities.     

Acid Deposition in Bandung, Indonesia

LAPAN has measured rain acidity in Bandung, the location is Cipedes since 1985, with average pH in 1985 was 6.25. The pH condition 1985–1999 as follow: The monthly average of pH in period 1985–1992 was >5.6: in the middle of 1996–1997 it had big variation and than decrease until now. The monthly average of pH in 1997 until now was <5.6. The pH has decreasing trend, the reason was increasing fuel combustion for transportation and household because the area around the observation was change from rural to be transportation and settlement area. The rain acidity comparison in Cipedes (rural site), Cicahuem (busy site), and Tanjungsari (remote site) hold in 1986–1987, the result was Tanjungsari the remote site had the lowest pH. It's suggested the reason was sulphur compound from Kamojang crater and air pollution from industrial area in south-east of Bandung were blown by the wind through this place. The influence of air pollution to acid rain was studied by measurement NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2? in 5 places around Bandung, the results were: North of Bandung had the lowest NO₃ ^? concentration because the traffics were low: but had the highest SO₄ ^2? concentration; it's caused by emission of sulphur compounds from Tangkuban Perahu Montain. South of Bandung had the highest NO₃ ^? concentration because the traffics were crowded and a lot of industries around it. In general Bandung had SO₄ ^2? concentration higher than NO₃ ^? concentration, it's suggested due to the influence of sulphur compound from Tangkuban Perahu Montain. The observation rain acidity in Ciater at Tangkuban Perahu Montain started in 1996, the result in period 1996–1998 as follow: The pH had decreasing trend, it's due to the traffic near this observation increase, so the air pollution around this area increase, it will influence the rain acidity. The maximum monthly average of ph was 6.78 and minimum was 4.63, the pH monthly average generally < 6. In El NINO year 1997, the monthly average of pH in April and December were > 6.5.     

Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield,economics, and energetics of pepper and soil properties in naturally ventilated polyhouse

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2009 and 2010 at Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Hawalbagh, Almora, Uttarakhand, under the mid-hills of north-western Himalaya, to study the effect of farmyard manure and fertilizers on fruit yield, economics, energetics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and on soil chemical properties. The highest level of farmyard manure (20 t ha^?1) along with 125% of recommended NPK (125, 27.5, and 52.1 kg N, P and K ha^?1) resulted in significantly higher fruit yield (33.9 t ha^?1) over other combinations. Both farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased fruits/plant, average fruit weight, plant height, fruit length, and fruit diameter. The maximum net returns (4520 $ ha^?1) was achieved at 20 t of FYM along with 125% of recommended NPK. Energy ratio of 1.29 and 1.13 was the highest under 20 t FYM ha^?1 and 125% of recommended NPK, respectively. Available nutrients (N, P, and K) improved the status of the soil significantly due to 20 t ha^?1 of FYM and 125% of recommended NPK over other treatments.     

Coral reef organisms as bioregion indicators off Halmahera,Moluccas, Indonesia

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Concentrations of Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Gas and Rainwater from Six Sites in Indonesia

Gas mixing ratios of SO₂, NO₂ and HNO₃ and nitrate and sulfate concentrations in rainwater have beenmeasured at six sites in Indonesia. The sites, Jakarta, Serang,Cilegon, Merak and Bogor, in Java, and Bukit Koto Tabang inSumatra, provide a range of pollution regimes in Indonesia.Jakarta and Bogor are heavily polluted sites in Java, whereasBukit Koto Tabang is a clean air station in a relativelyunpopulated area on the west coast of equatorial Sumatra. At thesesites rainwater was collected daily and gas samples weeklyduring 1996. The other three sites Serang, Cilegon and Merakrepresent smaller regional towns in west Java. At these sitesrainwater samples were collected weekly from June 1991 untilJune 1992.The results show that Jakarta has the highest volume-weightedmean sulfate concentrations in rainwater while the lowest weremeasured at Bukit Koto Tabang. Volume-weighted mean nitrateconcentration was about 24 μeq L^-1 at Jakarta and Bogor,significantly higher than the 0.8 μeq L^-1 measured atBukit Koto Tabang.Sulfur dioxide mixing ratios ranged from 4–7 ppbv in Jakarta toan average of 1.3 ppbv at Bukit Koto Tabang. Nitrogen dioxidemixing ratio was highest in Jakarta averaging 28 ppbv comparedwith the background mixing ratio of 1.2 ppbv at Bukit KotoTabang. Using dry deposition velocities estimated during aseparate study in the similar conditions of Malaysia enabled drydeposition estimates of SO₂, HNO₃ and NO₂.Results of estimated total acidic S and N deposition (wet anddry) were greater than 250 meq m^-2 yr^-1 at the Jakartaand Bogor sites compared with about 23 meq m^-2 yr^-1 atBukit Koto Tabang. At Jakarta and Bogor dry deposition accountedfor more than 50% of the total deposition estimates compared with about 20% at Bukit Koto Tabang. Such deposition rates arehigh when compared to critical loads estimated for Indonesia bythe RAINS-Asia model. In this model, critical loads in western Java and equatorial western Sumatra fall into one of twoclasses: 50–100 and 20–50 meq m^-2 yr^-1. Thus acidic deposition flux at Jakarta and Bogor wasfound to be above the predicted critical loads even for the moreacid insensitive soils.