Assessing climate change adaptations for community-scale water resources using a low-frequency weather generator

Paddy and Water Environment - Water adaptation strategies are necessary for decreasing climate change impacts on local societies. This study models a community water supply system as a distributed...     

缓释肥类型与运筹对不同穗型水稻产量的影响

以大穗型品种甬优2640和多穗型品种南粳9108为材料,270 kg hm–2纯氮条件下,选用树脂包衣(PCU)、硫包衣(SCU)和脲甲醛(UF)3种缓控释肥类型,设置了缓控释肥与尿素均基施、缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施尿素2种施肥方式,以常规尿素定量分施为对照(CK)。结果表明,缓控释肥的应用对甬优2640无增产效应。主要因为甬优2640穗大粒多,群体颖花量大。与CK比,相对集中在前中期的肥效难以满足植株全生育期生长,中后期叶面积指数下降快,氮素积累少,光合势弱,物质生产量不足,不能实现群体大库容的有效充实。而对南粳9108,脲甲醛基施+尿素分蘖期施处理比CK增产5.2%~5.9%,树脂包衣基施+尿素分蘖期施和脲甲醛+尿素均基施处理与CK平产的同时可减少施肥2~3次。2种运筹方式中,以缓控释肥基施后分蘖期施用尿素处理能有效增加植株茎蘖数,提高成穗率和最终穗数,扩大叶面积指数,增强光合势,增加干物质和氮素的积累,获得高产。3种肥料类型中,产量呈现UFPCUSCU。脲甲醛基施+分蘖期施尿素处理之所以能使南粳9108获得比CK更高的产量,是因为UF的肥效在中后期依然能相对稳定释放,配合尿素的分蘖期施用,既保证了前期分蘖的发生,又能保证高峰苗后稳定的茎蘖数和群体叶面积指数,植株在拔节后的光合势和物质积累量大,氮肥利用率高,增产显著。由此可见,针对不同穗型和产量特性的水稻品种,优选缓控释肥类型基施的同时,分蘖期配合速效肥料的施用,可获得既省工又增产的效果。     

Larval settlement of the silver- or goldlip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in response to natural biofilms and chemical cues

This paper presents the first laboratory study investigating larval settlement and metamorphosis of Pinctada maxima in response to both natural and artificial inducers. Natural biofilms induced larval settlement and the inductive effect appears to be closely associated with the bacteria in the biofilm. This result indicates that, in nature, bacteria may play an important role in the settlement of P. maxima larvae. Various pharmacological agents were also tested in this study and the results were generally similar to those found with other marine invertebrates, particularly molluscs. The results show that some pharmacological agents are potent artificial inducers of larval settlement for P. maxima. The findings of this study provide valuable information for understanding the mechanism of the larval settlement of this species, which is useful information for the hatchery industry of this pearl oyster.     

新疆小麦Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、TaLox-B1等位变异对面粉色泽的影响

利用已开发的面粉色泽相关性状基因的分子标记,检测了182份新疆小麦品种(系)的Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Ta Lox-B1等位变异,并结合表型鉴定结果,分析不同等位变异对面粉色泽的影响。结果表明,单基因等位变异对面粉色泽的影响不同,其中4个基因等位变异L*值的差异均不显著;对a*值的效应,Psy-A1a高于Psy-A1b(P0.01),Ppo-A1b高于Ppo-A1a(P0.05),Ta Lox-B1a高于Ta Lox-B1b(P0.05);Psy-A1a基因型的b*值高于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01);Psy-A1a基因型的Wht值低于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01)。说明Psy-A1是影响面粉色泽(红度、黄度和白度)的重要基因,而Ppo-A1和Ta Lox-B1基因的等位变异只对面粉红度有显著影响。4个检测基因共有12种等位变异组合,对a*、b*和Wht值有显著效应(P0.01),但对L*值影响不显著(P0.05);Psy-A1b/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1b组合具有最高的Wht值和最低的a*、b*值,Psy-A1a/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1a组合具有最低的Wht值和最高的a*、b*值。182份品种的Wht值平均为86.86,其中审定品种平均为86.87,冬小麦品种为86.42,春小麦品种为87.32。青春5号具有优良的基因型和较高的面粉白度,应加强利用。总体来看,改良新疆小麦面粉的白度,应重点加强对Psy-A1基因的选择,提高Psy-A1b比例。     

Antibacterial bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids from the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus sp

Four new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids, aspergiterpenoid A (1), (-)-sydonol (2), (-)-sydonic acid (3), and (-)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2',6',6'-trimethyltetrahydro-2H- pyran-2-yl)phenol (4) together with one known fungal metabolite (5) were isolated from the fermentation broth of a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp., which was isolated from the sponge Xestospongia testudinaria collected from the South China Sea. Four of them (1-4) are optically active compounds. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by using NMR spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometric analysis, and by comparing their optical rotations with those related known analogues. Compounds 1-5 showed selective antibacterial activity against eight bacterial strains with the MIC (minimum inhibiting concentrations) values between 1.25 and 20.0 μM. The cytotoxic, antifouling, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of these compounds were also examined.     

利用Aroona近等基因系研究高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对面包加工品质的影响

【目的】低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）以Glu-A3c、Glu-B3b、Glu-D3c为背景,明确不同高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）对面团流变学特性、贮藏蛋白组份含量和面包加工品质作用大小。【方法】在新疆乌鲁木齐和石河子种植以澳大利亚小麦品种Aroona作为轮回亲本培育的近等基因系（NILs）,并测定其粉质仪、拉伸仪、贮藏蛋白组份含量和面包加工品质等参数。【结果】HMW-GS对延展性效应不显著,对面团强度效应大小为Glu-D1＞Glu-B1＞Glu-A1;就单个亚基对而言,7+9、17+18和5+10面团强度最大;亚基组合1、7+9、5+10具有最大面团强度,2*、7+9、2+12和1、7+9、2.2+12具有最好的延展性。HMW-GS对不溶性谷蛋白聚合体百分含量（%UPP）效应大小为Glu-D1＞Glu-B1＞Glu-A1;就单个亚基对而言,7+9、17+18和5+10的%UPP最高;亚基组合1、7+9、5+10具有最高的%UPP。HMW-GS对面包总分效应大小为Glu-D1＞Glu-A1＞Glu-B1;就单个亚基或亚基对而言,1、2*、2+12和5+10具有最高的面包总分;亚基组合1、7+9、2+12面包总分最高,1、7+9、5+10次之,null、7+9、2+12最低。【结论】在相同LMW-GS（Glu-A3c、Glu-B3b、Glu-D3c）背景下,HMW-GS对面团强度、%UPP和面包加工品质影响较大,对延展性影响较小;单个亚基或亚基对1、2*、7+9、17+18和5+10对小麦品质影响较大;亚基组合1、7+9、5+10可作为品质改良的最佳组合。     

优质新疆拉面品种品质评价的多重PCR体系构建与应用

新疆拉面是深受人们喜爱的特色面食之一,建立优质新疆拉面品质评价体系对其专用品种选育和评价具有重要意义。本研究构建了3套检测新疆拉面优质基因的多重PCR体系,并对46份新疆冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)进行了检测。体系Ⅰ可同时直接检测Ax2、Pinb-D1b和ω-secalin(1B·1R易位)3种基因,体系Ⅱ可同时直接检测两个位点Psy-A1(Psy-A1a、Psy-A1b、Psy-A1c)和Ppo-D1(Ppo-D1a、Ppo-D1b)的5种基因,体系Ⅲ可同时直接检测Glu-B3a、Wx-B1a和Wx-B1b3种基因,3套体系检测对照品种(系)的结果均与已知基因型完全一致。对46份新疆冬小麦的检测结果表明,Ax2、Pinb-D1b和不含ω-secalin(非1B·1R易位)基因出现的频率依次为30.4%、45.7%和78.3%,Psy-A1a、Psy-A1b、Psy-A1c、Ppo-D1a和Ppo-D1b基因的频率分别为94.5%、4.3%、2.2%、91.3%和8.7%,Glu-B3a、Wx-B1a和Wx-B1b基因的频率依次为21.7%、91.3%和8.7%;其中,与新疆拉面优质性状相关的5个基因Ppo-D1a、不含ω-secalin、Pinb-D1b、Glu-B3a和Ax2的频率明显高于全国平均水平;共检测到19种优质拉面基因的组合类型,其中含1、2、3、4和5个优质基因的组合类型依次占参试品种(系)的13.0%、32.6%、26.1%、23.9%和4.3%,没有发现同时含6或7个优质基因的品种(系),出现频率最高的优质基因组合类型为Ppo-D1a/不含ω-secalin(非1B·1R易位)、Ppo-D1a/Glu-B3a/不含ω-secalin和Ppo-D1a/Ax2/Pinb-D1b/不含ω-secalin。研究结果表明,本研究建立的3套多重PCR体系,结果稳定可靠,可作为新疆拉面品种品质性状快速评价的方法;利用本研究构建的多重PCR体系和筛选出的含优质基因(组合)的品种(系),开展小麦品质评价和分子聚合育种,将会提高新疆拉面品种评价和选育的效率。     

Alkaloids and sesquiterpenes from the South China Sea gorgonian Echinogorgia pseudossapo

Five zoanthoxanthin alkaloids (1-5) and four sesquiterpenes (6-9) were isolated from the South China Sea gorgonian Echinogorgia pseudossapo. Their structures were determined on the bases of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR data. Among them, pseudozoanthoxanthins III and IV (1-2), 8-hydroxy-6β-methoxy-14- oxooplop-6,12-olide (6) and 3β-methoxyguaian-10(14)-en-2β-ol (7) were new, 1 and 3 showed mild anti-HSV-1 activity, and 7 showed significant antilarval activity towards Balanus amphitrite larvae.     

Five new amicoumacins isolated from a marine-derived bacterium Bacillus subtilis

Four novel amicoumacins, namely lipoamicoumacins A-D (1-4), and one new bacilosarcin analog (5) were isolated from culture broth of a marine-derived bacterium Bacillus subtilis, together with six known amicoumacins. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (2D NNR, IR, CD and MS) analysis and in comparison with data in literature.