Chronic subclinical mastitis represents a vicious cycle of constant tissue irritation by bacteria and inflammatory response of the host. Antibiotics have proven relatively inefficient in eliminating chronic mastitic infections. The use of anti-inflammatory agents in mastitis is controversial. Theoretically, the inflammation should not be suppressed as this is a host defence mechanism of the body. However, because it is uncertain whether the infection or chronic inflammation causes more harm to the tissue, there have been efforts to use anti-inflammatory agents such as glucocorticoids and antipyretic analgetics. The problem is that there is insufficient evidence as to which inflammatory mediators (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF, interleukin-1 etc.) alone or in combination are important in mastitis. 相似文献
The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in secretion of inhibin and cellular localization of the inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (beta(A) and beta(B)) subunits in male Japanese quail from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. The post-hatch profile of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), immunoreactive (ir) inhibin and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Testes were immunostained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC) using polyclonal antisera raised against inhibin alpha, inhibin/activin beta(A) and inhibin/activin beta(B) from one week of age to sexual maturity. Testicular weight increased gradually until 4 weeks and abruptly increased from 5 weeks of age onwards. The plasma concentrations of LH and ir-inhibin increased significantly at 5 weeks of age, and the plasma concentration of testosterone increased significantly at 6 weeks of age. Pituitary contents of LH showed a steady increase until 6 weeks of age and then abruptly increased at 7 weeks of age. Coincident to the increase in plasma testosterone, the testicular contents of testosterone significantly increased from 5 weeks through sexual maturity. Immunohistochemically, localization of the inhibin/activin alpha, beta(A) and beta(B) subunits was found in the Sertoli and Leydig cells at all ages of development from one week of age to sexual maturity. These results suggest that Sertoli and Leydig cells are the major source of inhibin secretion during development in male Japanese quail. 相似文献
To clarify the cellular source and secretory pattern of inhibin in the Japanese quail during follicular development, the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive (ir) inhibin were measured from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. Localization of the inhibin/activin alpha, beta A and beta B subunits was investigated by immunohistochemistry. To monitor development of the pituitary and ovarian functions, the plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone concentrations were also measured. Ovarian weight increased gradually until 6 weeks of age and then abruptly increased at 7 weeks of age just at the onset of egg production. Plasma concentrations of LH increased significantly at 6 weeks of age. The plasma concentrations of ir-inhibin and progesterone and the pituitary contents of LH also increased significantly at 7 weeks of age. Immunohistochemically, the inhibin/activin alpha, beta A and beta B subunits were localized in the granulosa cells of all follicles during different stages of development from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. The inhibin alpha, beta A and beta B subunits were also found in the interstitial cells but not theca cells of all follicles. These results demonstrated that the plasma concentrations of ir-inhibin of the female Japanese quails rose with ovarian development. The immunohistochemical results suggested that granulosa and interstitial cells are the major source of ovarian inhibins in female Japanese quails. 相似文献
Grape pomace, a winemaking industry by-product, is a rich source of bioactive dietary compounds. Using proteases we have developed an enzymatic process for obtaining a water-soluble extract (GP-EE) that contains biomolecules such as peptides, carbohydrates, lipids and polyphenols in soluble form. Of especial interest is its high polyphenol content (12 %), of which 77 % are flavonoids and 33 % are phenolic acids. The present study evaluates in vitro the potential anti-inflammatory effect of GP-EE by monitoring the expression of inflammatory molecules on N13 microglia cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). GP-EE decreases the mRNA levels of the inflammatory molecules studied. The molecules under study were as follows: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba-1) and the Toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4), as well as the iNOS protein level in LPS-stimulated microglia. Our findings suggest that, as a result of its ability to regulate excessive microglial activation, GP-EE possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, acting as a chemopreventive agent, it may be of therapeutic interest in neurodegenerative diseases involving neuroinflammation. We can, therefore, propose GP-EE as a useful natural extract and one that would be beneficial to apply in the field of functional foods.
Neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) is a specific reversible blocker of voltage gated sodium channels on excitable cells. In the last decade, it has been tested in a number of interesting clinical trials, however there is still little information available on mammalian toxicity. Rats were treated for 12 weeks with doses of 1, 3 or 6 μg/kg of subcutaneous NeoSTX. At weeks 12 and 17, animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Organs were harvested for weight determination and histopathological assessments. The lowest acute toxicity via the intraperitoneal (ip) route was (30.35 μg/kg) and there was no significant difference between intramuscular and subcutaneous routes (11.4 and 12.41 μg/kg). The NeoSTX adiministration did not produce lethality at week 12 and after five weeks of suspension. NeoSTX 6 μg/kg ip produced reductions (p < 0.05) in body weight and food intake, and increased blood level of total and direct bilirubin, GGT and SGOT at week 12; all of these were reversed in the recovery period. NeoSTX 1 and 3 μg/kg ip did not show significant changes with the control group. Histopathological presentations were normal in all groups. This study revealed that NeoSTX is safe in vivo, giving a reliable security margin for its use like a local anesthetic. 相似文献
To investigate the effect of hypothyroidism on gonadal and adrenal functions in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), hypothyroidism was induced in male adult Japanese quail by daily administration of 2-Mercapto-1-methylimidazole (methimazole) in their drinking water. Four weeks after methimazole treatment, the Japanese quail were sacrificed, and the plasma concentrations of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), total T3 (TT3), total T4 (TT4), corticosterone, testosterone, LH and immunoreactive (ir) inhibins were measured by radioimmunoassay, the testes and adrenal glands were removed and weighed and the thyroid glands and testes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histological observation. The results showed that the hypothyroidism induced by methimazole caused a significant decrease in body and testes weight; the plasma levels of FT3, FT4 and TT4 significantly decreased, and the hypothyroid quail possessed a greater number of small follicles and more follicular epithelial cells in the thyroid gland. In addition, hypothyroidism resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma concentrations of corticosterone, LH, testosterone and ir-inhibin. Furthermore, no spermatogenesis was found in the seminiferous tubules of the methimazole treatment groups. These results clearly demonstrate that hypothyroidism caused both gonadal and adrenal disturbances in the adult male Japanese quail. 相似文献