不同气候条件对早期断奶犊牛生长发育的影响

本试验研究了不同气候条件对早期断奶犊牛生长发育的影响。结果表明，不同气候对犊牛的生长发育有一定的影响，但犊牛开食料等饲养管理达到犊牛所需的标准，不会影响犊牛的生长发育指标，３个月龄时体重均能达ＮＲＣ饲养标准。在整个试验期呼市地区早期断奶犊牛平均增重为６４．０５ｋｇ，日增重为７０３．８５ｇ，而锡盟东乌旗犊牛平均增重为５７．５０ｋｇ，日增重为６３１．８７ｇ。体高、体长、胸围、十字部高等体尺指标呼市地区犊牛均高于锡盟东乌旗犊牛，而腹围呼市地区略低于锡盟东乌旗犊牛。干物质的进食量，气候条件差的地区有高于相对暖和地区犊牛的趋势。     

犊牛开食料的研制及其犊牛生长发育规律的研究(一)

本次试验用我们所研制的犊牛开食料进行了犊牛早期断奶,并对犊牛生长发育进行了对比试验研究。将黑白花犊牛分为试验组(早期断奶组)和对照组(常规断奶组)。试验组哺乳期为10～42日龄,育成期为43～91日龄。对照组哺乳期为10～91日龄。两组观察期为92～182日龄。犊牛开食料的干物质含量为91.6％、粗蛋白质为20.52％、粗纤维为3.87％。在10～42日龄时平均日增重试验组为606.77g、对照组为518.49g,两组间差异显著(P<0.05);在43～91日龄时平均日增重试验组为1019.78g。对照组为821.09g,组间差异显著(P<0.05);在整个试验期(10～91日龄)的日增重试验组均高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05)。体尺各部位增长试验组均高于对照组,尤其是腹围增长较快,10～42日龄时组间差异显著(P<0.05),可见早期断奶犊牛反刍胃的发育得到了明显提前。182日龄时,试验组体重为204.5kg、对照组为199.0kg,两组牛平均日增重较接近,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Thidiazuron increases current-year fruit size and production in Actinidia deliciosa without decreasing return bloom

Summary

The effects of whole-crown application of thidiazuron (TDZ), applied two weeks after full bloom, at the concentrations of 0 (control), 2 or 10 ppm, on vine yield, fruit quality and on next-season potential yield of Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’ were evaluated in 1998–99. Fruit growth increased rapidly after TDZ application. Fruit fresh weight and yield increased by about 13% and 22% with the 2 and 10 ppm concentration, respectively. These responses were associated with only small changes in fruit shape, with 10 ppm-treated fruits slightly rounder than the control. During ripening, TDZ did not affect fruit soluble solid content, flesh firmness or concentration of non-structural carbohydrates. No effect was observed on the amount of winter pruning, entity of bud burst, percent of fertile buds, number of inflorescences per fertile bud or percent of vegetative buds. These results show that TDZ can be applied to the whole crown to increase fruit size and yield, without affecting fruit quality or the next-season’s crop.     

24(S)-Saringosterol Prevents Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model for Alzheimer’s Disease

We recently found that dietary supplementation with the seaweed Sargassum fusiforme, containing the preferential LXRβ-agonist 24(S)-saringosterol, prevented memory decline and reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model without inducing hepatic steatosis. Here, we examined the effects of 24(S)-saringosterol as a food additive on cognition and neuropathology in AD mice. Six-month-old male APPswePS1ΔE9 mice and wildtype C57BL/6J littermates received 24(S)-saringosterol (0.5 mg/25 g body weight/day) (APPswePS1ΔE9 n = 20; C57BL/6J n = 19) or vehicle (APPswePS1ΔE9 n = 17; C57BL/6J n = 19) for 10 weeks. Cognition was assessed using object recognition and object location tasks. Sterols were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Aβ and inflammatory markers by immunohistochemistry, and gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Hepatic lipids were quantified after Oil-Red-O staining. Administration of 24(S)-saringosterol prevented cognitive decline in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice without affecting the Aβ plaque load. Moreover, 24(S)-saringosterol prevented the increase in the inflammatory marker Iba1 in the cortex of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 24(S)-saringosterol did not affect the expression of lipid metabolism-related LXR-response genes in the hippocampus nor the hepatic neutral lipid content. Thus, administration of 24(S)-saringosterol prevented cognitive decline in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice independent of effects on Aβ load and without adverse effects on liver fat content. The anti-inflammatory effects of 24(S)-saringosterol may contribute to the prevention of cognitive decline.     

降低牛奶细菌含量方法的研究

本文研究了在内蒙古饲养管理条件下，降低牛奶含菌量的方法。共进行了５个方面的试验：头几把挤出的奶中细菌含菌量的检测；容器洗净对降低牛奶含菌量的作用；鲜奶过滤对奶中细菌含量的影响，冷水浴对降低牛奶含菌量的作用；盛奶罐口径大小及奶温高低对奶中细菌含菌量的影响。奶样抹片后，用纽曼染色液染色采用直接镜捡法进行细菌计数。结果表明：刚挤出的奶含有较多的细菌，随着挤奶的延续，奶中含菌量减少，彻底洗净挤奶器具和容器可大幅度降低牛奶的含菌量；用纱布过滤鲜奶并迅速冷却可明显降低牛奶的含菌量盛奶罐口径越大，牛奶中细菌含量越高。针对以上结果采取相应的对策，可降低牛奶中细菌的含量。     

Soil biodiversity monitoring in Europe: ongoing activities and challenges

The increasing interest in soil biodiversity and its protection includes both the biodiversity conservation issues and the mostly unknown economic and ecological values of services provided by soil biodiversity. Inventory and monitoring are necessary tools for the achievement of an adequate level of knowledge regarding soil biodiversity status and for the detection of biodiversity hot spots as well as areas where current levels of biodiversity are under threat of decline. In this paper the main tools and methodological approaches for soil biodiversity measurement are presented. Technical aspects related to the inventory and monitoring activities at a large spatial scale are discussed. A short review of some current experiences of soil biodiversity monitoring at the European level is also presented.     

Effects of Long- and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on the Release of Gastrointestinal Hormones using an ex Vivo Porcine Intestinal Tissue Model

Gastrointestinal (GI) peptide hormones play an important role in short-term regulation of food intake and blood glucose levels. Modulating their release is of potential relevance for weight management and possibly diabetes. As currently available models are hard to extrapolate to the human situation, the use of porcine intestinal tissue, collected from slaughter pigs, was investigated for this purpose. Intestinal tissue disks showed a predicted regional release pattern of GI peptides. Various long-chain fatty acids differentially stimulated release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (up to 500%) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) (up to 200%) from ileal tissue disks, but effects on peptide YY (PYY) did not reach significance. Short-chain fatty acids had no effects on the release of GLP-1, GLP-2, and PYY in either the ileum or colon. In conclusion, this porcine tissue model shows to be of advantageous use in a tiered approach to study the potential of satiety-inducing compounds to be selected for studies in humans.