Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

The effects of field aging (0–28 days) and pheromone loading rate on the longevity of red rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone blend of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck), were evaluated in North Carolina apple orchards in 2002. Separate field tests examined the influence of trap height and pheromone loading rate of rubber septa on trap catches of adultG. molesta males in an abandoned orchard. The loss of the major pheromone component, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12:OAc), from red rubber septa over a 4-week period exhibited a relatively constant release rate with 30, 100 and 300 μg pheromone. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy than in those in the lower canopy. Pheromone traps baited with 100μg lures caught more moths compared with those loaded with 300 μg. There was no apparent relationship between pheromone trap catch and septa age, with trap catch appearing to be primarily a function ofG. molesta population density. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

Mass trapping low-density populations of Tuta absoluta with various types of traps in field-grown tomatoes

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) has recently invaded and spread through the major tomato-growing regions in Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean...     

Susceptibility of female populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panonychus ulmi</Emphasis> (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) to some acaricides in apple orchards

The levels of susceptibility of adult female European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) populations collected from apple orchards in Bursa region of Turkey, to acaricides, dicofol, bromopropylate and fenpyroximate belong to two different groups and an acaricide–insecticide, amitraz, were determined by a petri leaf disk-Potter spray tower method. When compared with the susceptible population, resistance ratios, as indicated by LC₅₀ values, ranged from 2.2 to 11.9, 0.8 to 3.6, 1.0 to 22.5 and 0.9 to 7.9, while LC₉₀ values varied from 1.6 to 9.8, 1.0 to 5.4, 1.0 to 47.4, 1.4 to 36.6, respectively, for amitraz, dicofol, bromopropylate and fenpyroximate. An examination of bioassay responses showed that susceptibility was lower for fenpyroximate and bromopropylate than for the other two compounds in the order of amitraz < dicofol. In conclusion, P. ulmi susceptibility to tested compounds varied widely from location to location.     

Low genetic diversity in wild emmer (T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccoides (Körn. ex Asch. et Graebn.) Thell.) from South-eastern Turkey revealed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

The present work was carried out to study genetic diversity among 17 populations of wild emmer wheat sampled from South-eastern Turkey, considered to be an important region for domestication of wheat. Eleven RFLP clones and 4 restriction enzymes combinations were used to probe the genomic DNA. A total of 151 polymorphic loci were obtained from the enzyme-probe combinations. The Genetic Distance (GD) values were from 0.019 (Gaziantep-3 and Sanliurfa-4) to 0.200 (Gaziantep-1 and K. Maras). Cluster analysis results showed that populations formed 2 clades within the dendrogram. Population Gaziantep-1 was unique and genetically most diverse from the remaining 16 populations. The results of average genetic distance (GD) among populations suggested that narrow genetic variability exist among 17 populations in the present study.     

Einfluß von Müllkompost und Eisenverbindungen auf die Eisen-, Zink- und Manganaufnahme von Sonnenblumen und Mais im Gefäßversuch

Influence of compost and Fe-compunds on the uptake of Fe, Zn and Mn by sunflower and maize in pot experiments The influence of compost and different iron compounds on the uptake of Fe, Zn and Mn from calcareous soils was investigated in a pot experiment using sunflower and maize. Regardless of the iron compounds applied, the addition of compost resulted in an increase of the Zn content in both plant species. The compost treatment without Fe, resulted in a lower Fe content in sunflower and maize. This effect was partly or completely counteracted by the addition of Fe compounds. Very high Zn contents were observed in the Fe – EDTA treatments. The Zn content was further increased when compost was also added. In treatments in which compost was omitted none of the Fe compounds applied increased the Fe content of the plants.     

Sampling and development of economic injury levels for Anthonomus rubi Herbst adults

Field studies were conducted in northwestern Turkey from 1998–2000 to examine population dynamics of adult strawberry blossom weevils (Anthonomus rubi Herbst), and to establish economic injury levels based on the relationship between densities of overwintered adults and yield losses. Adult weevils were sampled weekly in untreated and insecticide-treated plots using a sweep net. Sweep net catches showed that the abundance of A. rubi adults had two peaks; the first between late-April and early-May, and the second between late-June and mid-July. Linear regression revealed a strong relationship between overwintered and new-generation adult densities. The overwintered-generation adults had generally higher mean population densities than the new-generation. A significant linear decrease was observed in strawberry yields as densities of overwintered-generation adults increased. Percentage yield losses varied between 1.64% and 13.42% among sites. Estimated economic injury levels ranged from 1.00 to 4.00 adults per sweep depending on the management scenario, control cost, control efficacy, and crop value.     

The post-operative analgesic effects of epidurally administered morphine and transdermal fentanyl patch after ovariohysterectomy in dogs

ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic and side effects of epidural morphine or a fentanyl patch after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.Study designProspective, randomized clinical study.AnimalsTwenty female mongrel dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.MethodsThe dogs were allocated to one of two groups: epidural morphine or transdermal fentanyl patch. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Morphine (0.1 mg kg^?1) was administered epidurally in the epidural morphine group and a transdermal fentanyl patch was applied 24 hours before the operation in the fentanyl patch group.The heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, plasma cortisol concentration, and sedation and analgesia scores were recorded during the 24 hour post-operative period. Adverse effects such as vomiting, anorexia, skin reactions, urinary retention, and time to start licking the surgical site were also recorded. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses utilized anova for repeated measures, Friedman tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests and independent sample t-tests as relevant.ResultsPain scores were lower in the epidural group than in the fentanyl group at all post-operative times. The dogs in the epidural morphine group were calm and relaxed, whereas discomfort and vocalization were recorded in the fentanyl patch group. The sedation scores were higher in the fentanyl patch group throughout the 12 hour period. Salivation and anorexia lasted longer in the fentanyl patch group than in the epidural morphine group. Plasma cortisol concentrations were high in the early post-operative period in both groups. The fentanyl patch group had higher cortisol concentrations than the epidural morphine group. Slight erythema was recorded in two dogs when the patches were removed.Conclusion and clinical relevanceEpidurally administered morphine provided better analgesia and caused fewer adverse effects than the fentanyl patch after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.     

Using degree-day accumulations and host phenology for predicting larval emergence patterns of the olive psyllid, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Euphyllura phillyreae</Emphasis>

The olive psyllid, Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster is one of the most destructive pests on buds and flowers of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in May when the olive growers cannot apply any insecticides against the pest. Temperature-dependent development of the psyllid was studied at constant temperatures ranged 16–26°C. A degree-day (DD) model was developed to predict the larval emergence using the weekly cumulative larval counts and daily mean temperatures. Linear regression analysis estimated a lower developmental threshold of 4.1 and 4.3°C and a thermal constant of 164.17 and 466.13 DD for development of egg and larva, respectively. The cumulative larval counts of E. phillyreae approximated by probit transformation were plotted against time, expressed as the sum of DD above 4.3°C, the starting date when the olive tree phenology was the period of flower cluster initiation. A linear model was used to describe the relationship of DDs and probit values of larval emergence patterns of E. phillyreae and predicted that 10, 50 and 95% emergence of the larvae required 235.81, 360.22 and 519.93 DD, respectively, with errors of 1–3 days compared to observed values. Based on biofix depends the development of olive tree phenology; the DD model can be used as a forecasting method for proper timing of insecticide applications against E. phillyreae larvae in olive groves.