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1.
The efficacy of mixtures of respiration inhibitors and phenylamide fungicides (oxadixyl and metalaxyl) in controlling late blight was investigated using potato tuber disks. Results showed that uncoupling agents(e.g. DNP), inhibitors of ATP formation(e.g. oligomycin), ionophores(e.g, valinomycin) and inhibitors that block specific carriers in the electron transport chain(e.g. rotenone, antimycin A) increased significantly the control efficacy of both metalaxyl and oxadixyl towards populations ofPhytophthora infestons when applied to tuber slices pretreated with sublethal doses of both fungicides. When applied alone at the same doses, respiration inhibitors did not inhibit the development of the late blight fungus. Increased control efficacy of mixtures was not noted against phenylamide-sensitive populations of the fungus. 相似文献
2.
3.
Improved performance of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, larvae after ozone disinfection of the eggs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Isashar Ben-Atia Sigal Lutzky Yoav Barr Kutsal Gamsiz Yariv Shtupler Amos Tandler & William Koven 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(2):166-173
Ozone (O3) dissolved in seawater (ODS) was evaluated, as an egg disinfectant, on the spawn of captive gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, brood stock. Four contact times (CT) were tested (0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 mg min L−1) where CT was calculated by multiplying the dissolved O3 concentration (0.3 mg L−1) by different exposure periods (2, 4, 8, 16 min). There was also a disinfected seawater treatment that contained no O3 or derived compounds (CT 0) and an untreated seawater control. All ODS treatments reduced egg surface bacterial counts to zero, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the CT 0 and the control groups (194 and 1320 plate−1 respectively). Nevertheless, the hatching rate was high in the control and the CT treatments 0, 0.6 and 1.2 (88.7%, 87.3%, 89.5% and 83.7% respectively) while eggs exposed to a CT 2.4 and 4.8 hatched poorly (36.5% and 20.4% respectively), which was likely due, at least in part, to larvae unable to break the egg chorion successfully. Swim‐bladder inflation was significantly higher in the ODS groups (>97%) compared with the control and CT 0 treatments (ca. 70%). The results suggest that a 2‐min exposure of eggs to 0.3 mg O3 L−1 of ODS (CT 0.6) would improve current protocols in marine larviculture. 相似文献
4.
Abscisic acid, gibberellin and cell viability in cereal aleurone 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Paul C. Bethke Angelika Fath Yoav N. Spiegel Yong-sic Hwang Russell L. Jones 《Euphytica》2002,126(1):3-11
The aleurone layer of cereals is a secretory tissue whose activity is regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs).
Whereas GA triggers enzyme synthesis and secretion and initiates a program that culminates in cell death, ABA prevents enzyme
production and cell death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key players in regulating cell viability and GA sensitizes the
aleurone cell to ROS. Sensitivity of GA-treated cells results in part from a reduction in steady-state amounts of mRNAs encoding
enzymes that scavenge ROS. mRNAs encoding catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase are almost undetectable
in aleurone layers 24 h after incubation in GA. For layers incubated in ABA, however, the amounts of these mRNAs increase.
Western blotting and enzyme activity assays confirm that GA but not ABA reduced the amount and activity of ROS scavenging
enzymes (Fath et al., 2001b). Substantial amounts of ROS are produced by enzymes engaged in lipid metabolism, and by the electron
transport chain in the mitochondria. Aleurone layers contain abundant stores of triglycerides and ROS are produced as these
lipids are rapidly converted to sugars. We hypothesize that the ROS produced in GA-treated aleurone cells bring about cell
death by disrupting the plasma membrane. Aleurone cells incubated in ABA, on the other hand, are better able to maintain redox
balance. ABA does not initiate rapid triglyceride metabolism, and the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes remain high in
ABA-treated cells. We conclude that GA initiates a metabolic cascade in aleurone cells that results in death from ROS. ABA
maintains viability by keeping ROS under control.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Four strains of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), including three strains of Azospirillum and Pseudomonas fluorescens 313 were used to inoculate seeds of wheat, tomato, pepper, and cotton. Inoculated seedlings were grown to the two or three-leaf stage. After harvest, seven different environmental and technical conditions were evaluated to determine the effect of these conditions on the reproducibility of fresh and dry root weight measurements. Dry root weight of each sample showed no significant variations (smaller than 1%), despite the variations in measurement conditions. Root fresh weights varied greatly (usually in the range of 4-10%, but up to 18%), and were significantly affected (P≤0.05) by air temperature and relative humidity, air currents, different light intensities during extraction of plants from the substrate, duration of the extraction from soil (depending on the size of the experiment and type of plant growth substrate), and the type of absorbing paper used to blot excess water from harvested roots. Measurements by different technicians did not influence fresh or dry weight values. We conclude that fresh weight determinations are altered by factors independent of the intended experimental variables and should not be used to evaluate the effect of PGPB on plants. 相似文献
6.
Two commonly-used composts from dairy cow manure that are used to improve poor structure and fertility of desert soils have inhibitory effects on wheat seed germination, probably as a result of their high levels of humic acids. Inoculation of wheat seeds with two species of the plant growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense Cd and A. lipoferum JA4 (separately) prior to sowing in these amended soils improved germination, similar to the natural level of germination of seeds in desert soil without compost amendment. Both compost amendments increased height of wheat seedlings in the range of 20–25%, increased shoot dry weight by 15–19%, but severely decreased (51–54% less) root dry weight. Inoculation of wheat seeds with A. brasilense Cd, but not with A. lipoferum JA4, significantly increased plant growth parameters (height, shoot and root dry weight) over control plants grown in soil-compost mixtures. This bacterial species could survive for a period of 20 days in compost humic acid solution, could increase its population when the humic acids served as the sole carbon source, and may change the composition of humic acids in which it grows. We suggest that inoculation with A. brasilense may alleviate noxious effects on germinating seeds caused by compost application by possibly transforming the composition of humic acids in the compost. 相似文献
7.
Bacterial blight of peas was found for the first time in Israel, so far in two different regions. It was identified according to pathogenicity tests, appearance of symptoms, and physiological characteristics of the bacteria. 相似文献
8.
9.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
10.
Alejandra G. Vovides Jorge López-Portillo Yoav Bashan 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(5):567-576
Microbial processes are key elements in determining the productivity of mangroves, and reductions in these processes reflect
the loss of microbial biodiversity and function due to fabricated disturbances. Because nitrogen is a major limiting nutrient
for the productivity of these ecosystems, the goal of this study was to determine profiles of inorganic nitrogen combined
with several environmental parameters, all in relation to the degree of long-term hydraulic impairment of a tropical, monospecific
black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) forest that showed degradation ranging from total loss of mangrove cover to no disturbance. N2-fixation, oxygen levels, and nitrite contents decreased significantly with the severity of the disturbance, and almost null
levels were reached in the completely degraded zone, whereas salinity achieved very high values. Concomitantly, total N, ammonium,
and P contents and ammonia volatilization increased significantly. Pore-water temperature and pH increased moderately. Other
soil physical properties (sand, silt, clay, organic matter, and total C), which varied among the sampling sites, were not
correlated with the level of disturbance. Principal component analyses, including environmental and biological parameters,
suggested that the most significant finding was the considerable loss of N2-fixation with increasing impairment, which was concomitant with significant increases in volatilization of ammonia and salinity.
The results show that microbial N-cycling processes are highly sensitive to salinity and to man-made disturbances that modify
the water level and flow. 相似文献