Response of organic carbon fractions and microbial community composition of soil aggregates to long-term fertilizations in an intensive greenhouse system

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stability, which are regulated by microbial communities, vary depending on aggregate size. The objectives of this study were...     

陕西省气候资源生产潜力与土地人口承载力的研究

该文系统分析了陕西省气候资源状况，估算了气候资源生产潜力，评价分析了气候资源利用状况。并以粮食人口承载力指数作为判别土地人口承载力的标准，对全省土地人口承载力进行预测。这将对该省的水土保持综合治理及国民经济持续发展具有宏观指导作用。     

利用昆虫性诱剂调控菜田夜蛾的示范试验

进行了性诱剂防控甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的示范试验,结果表明,使用甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾性诱剂对于夜蛾幼虫的田间分布有影响,可减轻田间幼虫的发生数量,减少药剂使用次数。性诱剂控制种群密度具有显著作用和良好的应用前景。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84防治水稻稻曲病田间应用技术研究

为了明确解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84防治水稻稻曲病田间应用技术,本文初步研究生防菌Jt84定殖规律以及不同喷施时期对水稻稻曲病的防效。结果显示：生防菌Jt84在水稻叶表能够有效定殖,7～16 d时,叶表定殖菌量维持在10⁴cfu/cm²,30 d仍可在水稻叶表检测到生防菌Jt84;生防菌Jt84防治水稻稻曲病的最佳防治时期为水稻叶枕平时期（旗叶与倒二叶的叶枕在同一处）,田间试验表明在此时期防治,当解淀粉芽胞杆菌Jt84使用量为200～400 mL/667 m²时,对水稻稻曲病防治效果为77.8%～89.5%。     

黑土区不同林龄落叶松人工林土壤微生物群落功能多样性的对比研究

采用Biolog-ECO微平板检测法,以21、30、40和52年生落叶松人工林土壤为对象,研究了典型黑土区0～20 cm土层范围内土壤微生物群落碳源代谢的多样性变化特征。结果表明:1）在培养168 h时,落叶松人工林地上层（0～10 cm）和下层（10～20 cm）土壤的微生物碳源平均颜色变化率（AWCD）的变化范围分别为0.41～1.40和0.20～0.69,且均随林龄的增加而逐渐增大。2）落叶松人工林微生物群落功能多样性指数随林龄的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势,即52 a40 a30 a21 a,且上层土壤的微生物功能多样性高于下层。上层和下层土壤的丰富度指数、Shannon Weiner多样性指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数的变化范围分别为12～25和6～14、2.55～3.12和1.83～2.62、0.89～0.95和0.76～0.91、4.22～9.49和2.52～6.18。3）落叶松人工林土壤微生物群落对6类碳源的利用率均随林龄的增加而增大,且碳水类、多聚物类和胺类是导致上层土壤微生物代谢差异的敏感碳源,碳水类、羧酸类和胺类是导致下层土壤微生物代谢差异的敏感碳源。4）落叶松人工林土壤微生物多样性指标与土壤理化性质相关性极为密切。可以认为,随着林龄的增加,落叶松人工林微生物功能多样性逐渐提高,这为进一步揭示其林地土壤质量的演变提供了参考。      

吉林省春玉米生产潜力及其敏感性分析

基于“作物生长动态统计”模型计算吉林省春玉米光合生产潜力、光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力,运用敏感系数法计算并分析了生产潜力对全生育期平均气温和降水的敏感性。结果表明：春玉米光合生产潜力和光温生产潜力在吉林省由西向东呈递减趋势,中部的气候生产潜力最大,为17 266kg/hm ²,西部和东部分别为10 787、16 983kg/hm ²;西部、中部和东部生产潜力气温影响率分别为20.1%、19.5%和30.9%;生产潜力降水影响率分别为50.9%、17.6%和3.2%;西部和中部的气温敏感系数均值分别为1.77和1.99,西部最大为3.63;西部的降水敏感系数均值最大,为1.6,东部则形成了低值区。     

性状相关的分子标记在甘蔗分子育种中的应用研究

分子设计育种在农作物品种改良中发挥了重要作用,但由于甘蔗基因组庞大且高度杂合,染色体呈非整倍性,导致其性状相关的分子标记辅助育种进展十分缓慢。为加快甘蔗育种进程,提高其育种效率和准确性,简述了甘蔗分子标记辅助育种现状及其瓶颈,并总结了应用于甘蔗的分子标记种类及其问题,阐明分子标记在甘蔗遗传连锁图谱构建中的作用,进而从甘蔗产量和糖分性状相关QTL的定位、主要抗病基因（抗褐锈病基因、抗黑穗病和抗黄斑病基因）的定位及其在抗病分子育种上的应用,以及关联分析方法在甘蔗重要性状研究中的应用等方面对性状相关的分子标记进行综述。最后对甘蔗重要性状相关分子标记辅助育种的机遇和挑战进行了展望,为甘蔗分子育种的深入研究提供理论依据。     

Pathogenicity and population structure analysis of Pyricularia oryzae in different districts of Jiangsu province,China

Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. In this study, 224 isolates were isolated from neck blast samples from nine districts in Jiangsu. We analysed the resistance frequency of 24 resistance (R) genes using 32 monogenic rice lines from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), including Pii, Pik-h, Pi5, Piz-5, and Piz, which exhibit high resistance frequencies. PAC (pathogenicity association coefficients) and VAC (virulence association coefficients) analyses identified three combinations of R genes, Piz/Pii, Piz/Piz-5, and Piz/Pi5, as being suitable for use in Jiangsu. Mating-type analysis of P. oryzae isolates indicated that sexual reproduction occurred less frequently in northern Jiangsu than in other areas, which may affect genetic diversity and dissemination. Pot2-TIR analysis indicated that the genetic diversity of P. oryzae in Xuzhou was mainly due to the insertion of transposable elements, while that of Nanjing was due to both the insertion of transposable elements and sexual recombination. Therefore, some R genes or gene combinations were suitable for resistance breeding in Jiangsu, and repetitive-PCR (rep-PCR) is a cost-effective tool for genetically differentiating distinct cultivar-specific populations or lineages with well-defined virulence patterns, because of the close correspondence between rep-PCR based clusters and pathotypes of inbred lines.     

Effects of panicle development stage and temperature on rice panicle blast infection by Magnaporthe oryzae and visualization of its infection process

Panicle blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae), directly contributes to yield loss in the field. The effects of panicle development stage and temperature on panicle blast were studied and the infection process of M. oryzae in panicles was visualized. Rice panicles at different development stages from three rice cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension in vitro. The rice cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu was highly susceptible to panicle blast at 5 days postinoculation (dpi) when the pulvinus distance was 15–20 cm. Nanjing 9108 was moderately susceptible to panicle blast when the pulvinus distance was 8–10 cm, but Yliangyou 800 was resistant. The effect of temperature on panicle blast was determined under 22–35 °C temperature treatments. Inoculated panicles placed at temperatures of 28 and 30 °C showed the highest lesion grade based on lesion length at 5 dpi. The infection process of M. oryzae in rice panicles was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). M. oryzae initially formed the appressorium to invade through the epidermis of rice panicles at 24 hours postinoculation (hpi). As the disease progressed, the invasive hyphae formed dense mycelial networks in the inner parenchyma cells at 60 hpi. Our results will contribute to the understanding of panicle development stage and temperature effects on panicle blast and improve resistance evaluation methods. Additionally, visualization of the infection process by CLSM and TEM are valuable methods to observe M. oryzae invasive hyphae inside rice panicle cells.