江西省林业产业现状与发展

从产业结构、主要林产品实际产量等方面介绍江西林业产业现状与发展,详细对比分析江西林业产业与较发达兄弟省的差距,以及各专业在全国所处地位。得出江西林业产业与较发达兄弟省的差距主要在第二产业、大宗林产品产量、骨干龙头企业和精深加工产品上的结论。提出加快江西林业产业发展的意见和建议。     

饵料中添加艾叶对鲤鱼增重的影响

设4个0.5米~3水族箱,每箱放养个体大小基本相同的夏花鲤鱼30尾,每箱为一处理组,1～4组的基础饵料中分别添加0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%的艾叶粉,喂养42天。结果,1组的增重效果低于其它组(P<0.01);2、3、4组的增重效果比较无统计学差异。用含0.5%艾叶粉的颗粒饵料分别于两个渔场的池塘内饲养1龄鲤鱼,结果,各试验组的生长率比相应的对照组分别提高17.39%和45.77%;各试验组的增长率比相应对照组分别提高15.39%和53.85%。     

不同密度短星翅蝗危害后羊草的高光谱变化及对产草量的影响

为建立羊草草地高光谱植被指数(NDVI)与短星翅蝗危害密度之间的关系模型,估计短星翅蝗危害造成的牧草损失,使用短星翅蝗按5,10,20,40和60头/m²5个密度梯度在羊草草地进行田间取食危害试验,测定不同危害时长后的NDVI值,最后根据NDVI和生物量的对应关系计算蝗虫危害后的牧草损失量。结果发现短星翅蝗危害羊草草地后,随短星翅蝗密度增加,NDVI值呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但是在密度为10头/m²时,归一化植被指数NDVI值略有上升。模拟短星翅蝗危害不同时间后NDVI与密度之间的关系方程为:Y=0.5932+0.0014x-6.93×10^-5x²(5 d),Y=0.5950-4.8500×10^-4x-4.01×10^-5x²(10 d),Y=0.5848-0.0024x-1.61×10^-5x²(15 d),Y=0.6422-0.0031x-2.12×10^-5x²(20 d)。其中, y为植被指数NDVI,x为蝗虫密度。同时研究发现,低密度情况下(不大于20头/m²),随危害时间延长短星翅蝗取食对NDVI校正值无显著影响;高密度情况下(大于20头/m²),随时间延长NDVI校正值迅速降低,不同密度间的差异显著。根据草地生物量与NDVI的回归方程(y=614.15x-119.28)将NDVI值转换成牧草损失量,发现随虫口密度增加,牧草损失量呈增加趋势。低密度短星翅蝗(5,10头/m²)危害情况下,羊草草地有超补偿作用,当蝗虫密度超过40头/m²时,生物量降低趋势非常明显。研究结果表明,归一化植被指数NDVI变化与蝗虫危害密度相关关系显著,随着蝗虫密度的增大,NDVI的值先增长后降低。根据蝗虫危害造成的光谱变化,可以估计蝗虫危害密度及造成的损失。本研究为进一步开展蝗灾的大区域遥感监测奠定了基础。     

绿盲蝽气味结合蛋白AlucOBP8的结合特性分析

气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins,OBPs)是参与昆虫嗅觉感知过程的一类重要蛋白,其功能之一是结合运输外界气味分子通过淋巴液到达神经元树突。本文克隆了一个绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)气味结合蛋白AlucOBP8(GenBank登录号JQ675725)并进行了原核重组表达。组织表达谱分析表明,AlucOBP8基因主要在雌雄成虫触角表达。采用荧光竞争结合试验,研究了重组蛋白AlucOBP8与7种性信息素类似物和33种植物挥发物的结合能力。结果显示,7种性信息素类似物均不能与AlucOBP8有效结合,而植物挥发物中只有葎草烯(α-caryophyllene)和十二醛(dodecyl aldehyde)与AlucOBP8表现出较强的结合,结合常数分别为8.74和9.99 μmol/L。绿盲蝽雌雄成虫对这两种化合物的趋向结果表明,十二醛对绿盲蝽雄成虫具有显著的驱避作用。初步推断AlucOBP8为普通气味结合蛋白并参与寄主普通挥发气味的识别过程。     

Long-term nitrogen fertilization alters microbial community structure and denitrifier abundance in the deep vadose zone

Purpose

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in intensive agriculture has increased nitrate leaching into groundwater, but its impacts on N transformation processes and the associated microbial communities in the deep vadose zone remain unclear.

Materials and methods

Soil samples from 0–1050 cm depth were collected from a 20-year field experiment with two N fertilization treatments: 0 (N0) and 600 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 (N600). Amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses were performed to profile the vertical distribution of soil microbial communities and denitrification genes.

Results and discussion

The soil microbial community structure and diversity were strongly influenced by soil depth and N fertilization. The 250 cm depth was identified as a threshold depth, as dramatically different microbial communities were found below and above this depth. Quantitative PCR results showed that the absolute abundance of denitrification genes decreased with increasing soil depth.

Conclusion

This study elucidated the profound effects of long-term N input on the composition and diversity of the microbial communities and the abundance of denitrifiers in the deep vadose zone. Our results provide basic information for use in mitigating nitrate leaching by enhancing microbial denitrification in deep vadose zones in intensive agricultural areas.

     

The effect of temperature and moisture on the source of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O and contributions from ammonia oxidizers in an agricultural soil

In recent years, identification of the microbial sources responsible for soil N₂O production has substantially advanced with the development of isotope enrichment techniques, selective inhibitors, mathematical models and the discoveries of specific N-cycling functional genes. However, little information is available to effectively quantify the N₂O produced from different microbial pathways (e.g. nitrification and denitrification). Here, a ¹⁵N-tracing incubation experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions (50, 70 and 85% water-filled pore space (WFPS) at 25 and 35 °C). Nitrification was the main contributor to N₂O production. At 50, 70 and 85% WFPS, nitrification contributed 87, 80 and 53% of total N₂O production, respectively, at 25 °C, and 86, 74 and 33% at 35 °C. The proportion of nitrified N as N₂O (P _N2O) increased with temperature and moisture, except for 85% WFPS, when P _N2O was lower at 35 °C than at 25 °C. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were the dominant ammonia oxidizers, but both AOA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were related to N₂O emitted from nitrification. AOA and AOB abundance was significantly influenced by soil moisture, more so than temperature, and decreased with increasing moisture content. These findings can be used to develop better models for simulating N₂O from nitrification to inform soil management practises for improving N use efficiency.     

不同抗性大豆品种感染SMV后过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶的变化分析

本文采用两个高抗SMV3号株系种质哈91R3-184、哈91R3-301，两个感病品种合丰25、黑农16于真叶期分别接种SMV3号株系，在R1、R3、R5期分别测定过氧化物酶（POD），多酚氧化酶（PPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）同工酶活性，结果表明：1、抗感病品种未接种健株POD、PPO酶谱构型没有差异，只是活性高低有别，说明抗性与POD、PPO活性有关。2、接种SMV后感病品种POD、SOD酶活性明显高于未接种健株和抗病品种，其POD、PPO部分酶带加宽色深，部分酶带缺失，3、各生育阶段抗感品种PPO、POD、SOD酶活性动态的变化，可作为抗感病品种的生化鉴定指标。     

纳米二次离子质谱技术(NanoSIMS)在微生物生态学研究中的应用

超高分辨率显微镜成像技术与同位素示踪技术相结合的纳米二次离子质谱技术(NanoSIMS)具有较高的灵敏度和离子传输效率、极高的质量分辨率和空间分辨率(＜ 50 nm),代表着当今离子探针成像技术的最高水平.利用稳定性或者放射性同位素在原位或者微宇宙条件下示踪目标微生物,然后将样品进行固定、脱水、树脂包埋或者导电镀膜处理,制备成可供二次离子质谱分析的薄片,进一步通过NanoSIMS成像分析,不仅能够在单细胞水平上提供微生物的生理生态特征信息,而且能够准确识别复杂环境样品中的代谢活跃的微生物细胞及其系统分类信息,对于认识微生物介导的元素生物地球化学循环机制具有重要意义.介绍了纳米二次离子质谱技术的工作原理和技术路线,及其与同位素示踪技术、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)、催化报告沉积荧光原位杂交技术(CARD-FISH)、卤素原位杂交技术(Halogen In Situ Hybridization,HISH)等联合使用在微生物生态学研究方面的应用.     

OPPORTUNITIES AND APPROACHES FOR MANIPULATING SOIL-PLANT MICROBIOMES FOR EFFECTIVE CROP NITROGEN USE IN AGROECOSYSTEMS

● Matching nitrification inhibitors with soil properties and nitrifiers is vital to achieve a higher NUE. ● Enhancing BNF, DNRA and microbial N immobilization processes via soil amendments can greatly contribute to less chemical N fertilizer input. ● Plant-associated microbiomes are critical for plant nutrient uptake, growth and fitness. ● Coevolutionary trophic relationships among soil biota need to be considered for improving crop NUE. Soil microbiomes drive the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and regulate soil N supply and loss, thus, pivotal nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Meanwhile, there is an increasing awareness that plant associated microbiomes and soil food web interactions is vital for modulating crop productivity and N uptake. The rapid advances in modern omics-based techniques and biotechnologies make it possible to manipulate soil-plant microbiomes for improving NUE and reducing N environmental impacts. This paper summarizes current progress in research on regulating soil microbial N cycle processes for NUE improvement, plant-microbe interactions benefiting plant N uptake, and the importance of soil microbiomes in promoting soil health and crop productivity. We also proposes a potential holistic (rhizosphere-root-phyllosphere) microbe-based approach to improve NUE and reduce dependence on mineral N fertilizer in agroecosystems, toward nature-based solution for nutrient management in intensive cropping systems.