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1.
Weston F. Mwase Åsmund Bjørnstad James M. Bokosi Moses B. Kwapata Brita Stedje 《New Forests》2007,33(3):297-307
Biodiversity is declining throughout southern African miombo woodlands due to poor land use practices that are detrimental
to soil, vegetation and habitat. We aimed at examining tree and shrub species diversity and distribution in Uapaca kirkiana-dominated woodlands under three land tenure types; forest reserves, customary and leasehold land. The study was conducted
at different forest sites within similar agroecological zone in southern Malawi. Study sites were located at a range of altitudes
between 900 and 1,200 m a.s.l. Three circular plots each with 32.60 m radius were established at each study site to sample
tree and shrub species composition, structure and distribution under three land tenure types. We found that forest reserves
had higher species diversity with an average of 16 tree families, 27 genera and 34 species as compared to only 10 tree families,
6 genera and 6 species on customary forest lands. Comparisons of diameter at breast height size class distributions showed
that customary land had significantly low numbers of small (5.0–10.0 cm) and very large (≥30 cm) diameter classes suggesting
lower levels of regeneration and high rate of anthropogenic activities. The high species diversity and richness in forest
reserves and leasehold land indicate high potential for protected lands to restore tree species diversity. It is concluded
that levels of human activities as influenced by land tenure type reduce tree species diversity, composition and distribution
at the different sites, and this confirms the hypothesis that open access lands are not compatible with conservation of tree
and shrub species diversity because of high anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
2.
Brita?Dahl?JensenEmail author Said?M.?S.?Massomo Ignas?S.?Swai John ?Hockenhull Sven?Bode?Andersen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2005,113(3):297-308
Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, (Xcc), is one of the most serious diseases of crucifers world-wide. Forty-nine genotypes were evaluated for resistance under field
conditions in Tanzania after artificial inoculation with Xcc race 1. Open pollinated white cabbage cultivars were generally susceptible, while Portuguese and pointed cabbages exhibited
partial resistance. Some F1 white cabbage cultivars were highly susceptible, whereas others exhibited a high level of partial
resistance. The most promising of the hybrid cultivars were T-689 F1, Gianty F1, No. 9690 F1, N 66 F1, and SWR-02 F1. Breeding
line Badger I-16 exhibited the highest level of resistance of all genotypes. The genotypes accounted for 72.9–75.5% of the
variation of the disease severity when assessed on the leaves, and 71.4% of the variation when assessed as internal black
rot in heads at harvest. High correlations (equal to or above 0.7) were found between disease severities assessed on leaves
three times during the growing season and also with the amount of internal black rot in heads. Leaf loss also was correlated
with disease severity. The high genetic determination of the trait and the high correlations between disease assessments indicate
that selection for resistance to black rot will be efficient when field screenings are carried out. Evaluation of genotypes
for disease severity on leaves during the growing season combined with evaluations of head resistance in the most promising
genotypes may be a simple method to select resistant cultivars. 相似文献
3.
María-Luz Herrero Brita Toppe Håvard Eikemo 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(7):666-671
Abstract In an attempt to find alternative products to classical fungicides, several products with low toxicity were tested against powdery mildew of roses. These products included resistance inducers (Bion, BABA, and ROS), potassium salts (Resistim, monopotassium phosphate), and seed extracts. The best results were obtained with acibenzolar-S-methyl (Bion). The utilization of Bion as prophylactic treatment, watered at a concentration 0.1–0.2 mg/ml, together with good cultural practices can be enough to effectively control powdery mildew on roses. Treatments with Resistim reduced the disease incidence, but not always significantly compared to the controls. None of the other products had effect on powdery mildew. 相似文献
4.
Brita Toppe Arne Stensvand Maria-Luz Herrero Hans Ragnar Gisler⊘d 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(2):105-110
Abstract Numerous fungicide applications are often needed to control powdery mildews in greenhouse-grown crops, and consequently there is an increasing demand for alternative means to control them. In commercial greenhouses, attack of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii in cucumbers and P. pannosa in cut roses was controlled by weekly sprays of C-Pro CE601, a dilution of grapefruit seed extract (GSE). The raw material of GSE, delivered by Citricidal®, is a glycerolic extract from seed and juiceless pulp of grapefruits (Citrus paradise). In both cultures C-Pro at 2000 ppm achieved as good control as treatments with penconazole or triforine. The mean level of attack by powdery mildew on leaves of cut roses one week after the last of three weekly treatments, was 9.8, 12.9 and 40.5% for penconazole, C-Pro (2000 ppm), and untreated, respectively. In cucumbers, there was less difference between the untreated control and the different treatments, but for all times of assessments, C-Pro and triforine were better than untreated (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in cucumber between C-Pro and triforine. Phytotoxicity symptoms such as leaf twisting and rolling in roses (cv. Jade and Cezann) and dark green leaves and indications of growth retardation in cucumbers (cv. Ventura) were observed at the higher concentrations used (3000–4000 ppm). Thin layer chromatography of C-Pro CE601 has previously shown presence of benzethonium chloride, a synthetic antiseptic agent. Further research is necessary to determine if the observed effects of the product tested are due to natural compounds or are merely due to a synthetic preservative agent added. Our results revealed that C-Pro might be a supplement or even a replacement to some of the current fungicides used against powdery mildew. 相似文献
5.
Brita Unger Michael B��cker Stefan Reinsch Thomas H��bert 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(1):83-104
It has been shown that tetraethoxysilane-derived precursors are suitable solutions for impregnating pine sapwood to improve its dimensional stability. Tailored sol?Cgel syntheses result in precursors with nano-scaled silica species which are able to penetrate into the cell walls of wood. The physical fixation of those species inside the cell walls was verified by ESEM/EDX investigations. There is evidence that the silica species are chemically bonded to wood components. Non-reacted alkoxy groups can exist in the wood composites after impregnation. The amount of these organic residues depends on the composition of the precursors, especially their condensation degree and reactivity. Treatments for finishing the composites after the impregnation step to get clean products and stable properties are discussed in this context. An explanation of the complex relationship between solids content in the impregnation solutions and percentage weight gain and bulking of the composites is given. It can be demonstrated that high WPG values (>20?%) are pre-conditions for an effective protection of the resulting composites but they only guarantee efficient improvements if connected with the incorporation of the inorganic component inside the cell walls. Therefore, the sol?Cgel syntheses have to be carried out in such a manner that very small (<2?nm) as well as reactive species are sufficiently available. This demands syntheses using sub-stoichiometric water contents (H2O/TEOS?<?4, better <2). 相似文献
6.
Brita Dahl Jensen Kamilla Knorr Mogens Nicolaisen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2016,146(3):657-670
Competitive effects between Fusarium graminearum, causing Fusarium head blight, and the endophyte Epicoccum nigrum, were performed in in vitro competition assays between the two species. Two E. nigrum isolates were isolated from wheat grains and tested as competitors against two F. graminearum isolates. A dual petri dish assay showed that E. nigrum reduced the mycelial growth of F. graminearum and vice versa. A glass slide assay revealed that E. nigrum crude cultural filtrate also had reducing effect on the growth of F. graminearum comparable to that of E. nigrum spore suspensions. Microscopy showed hyphae of F. graminearum and E. nigrum with many side branches when in close proximity, in contrast to pronounced apical hyphal growth when growing alone. Combinations of F. graminearum and E. nigrum on sterilised wheat grains were studied over time by qPCR. F. graminearum biomass was significantly reduced in inoculations applying E. nigrum three days prior to F. graminearum. In conclusion, these results showed competition and mycelial behaviour effects between F. graminearum and E. nigrum and support that E. nigrum may have potential to reduce F. graminearum infections in wheat. Competition experiments should be carried out in planta to study the interaction further. 相似文献
7.
Comparison of cellular location and expression of Plakophilin‐2 in epidermal cells from nonlesional atopic skin and healthy skin in German shepherd dogs 下载免费PDF全文
8.
Weston F. Mwase F. K. Akinnifesi B. Stedje M. B. Kwapata Å. Bjørnstad 《New Forests》2010,40(3):383-399
Domestication of Uapaca kirkiana Müell. Arg is a high priority for improving rural livelihoods of smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Domestication efforts
require knowledge of adaptive traits and intra-specific variation. Morphological traits and amplified fragment length polymorphic
(AFLP) markers were used to assess genetic variation in twelve provenances of U. kirkiana collected from southern Africa. Assessment of morphological traits showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between provenances. Provenances from Zimbabwe and Zambia showed faster growth than those from Malawi (except Phalombe)
and Tanzania. Morphological traits exhibited strong genetic differentiation between provenances and within provenances. The
degree of provenance differentiation of traits (Q
ST = 0.03–0.139, Q
ST mean = 0.092) was in the same range with that of AFLP loci (F
ST mean = 0.089) detected among provenances and within provenances (0.002 < F
ST < 0.259). The differentiation for some morphological traits could be attributed to local adaptation and human selection of
the U. kirkiana trees at the site of origin. Mean Nei’s (H) genetic diversity of AFLP showed high diversity within the provenances (H = 0.181–0.321, H mean = 0.256). An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed higher genetic variation (90.8%) within provenances than
among provenances (9.2%). There was no geographical pattern of variation in growth and morphological traits among the seed
sources. Chipata provenance from Zambia was the most diverse while Mapanzure from Zimbabwe was the least diverse, though it
was superior in height and earliest in fruiting. The pattern of genetic diversity indicates low selection in some areas and
high gene flow which would be counteracting it. Therefore regional and country collections and conservation strategies should
consider differences by focussing on the main range of the species by paying particular attention to unique populations within
countries. 相似文献
9.
Michael Bücker Christian Jäger Dietmar Pfeifer Brita Unger 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(5):1033-1047
The present study contributes to the controversial discussion in the literature whether Si–O–C bonds in wood–silica–gel composites exist. 13C NMR is a suitable method to proof such bonds. Because of the low concentration of 13C isotopes in natural wood, 13C cellulose was used as 13C-enriched substitute. A tailored sol for the impregnation of that cellulose was chosen by liquid 29Si NMR pre-investigations of various sols whose reactivity and stability were time-dependently analysed. It is based on a sub-stoichiometric hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 1 mol water per mol TEOS. Thermal analyses were performed to show a comparability of the thermal behaviour of wood–silica–gel and cellulose–silica–gel composites. There are two strong hints of the existence of stable Si–O–C bonds: (1) by thermal analysis, a shift in the fire behaviour of 100 K can be observed with a change in pyrolysis behaviour of the composite and (2) the proof by REDOR NMR that a dipolar coupling between 29Si and 13C nuclei exists. 相似文献
10.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were performed on six populations (a total of 89 individuals) of Phytolacca dodecandra (endod) collected in Ethiopia. The populations were selected based on our previous investigation to represent two altitude groups: lowland/central-highland (1600–2500 m) and highland (2501–3000 m). A total of 197 AFLP and 68 RAPD markers were scored from 5 primer pairs and 12 random primers, respectively. The overall patterns obtained for AFLPs and RAPDs from diversity, cluster and principal component analyses were very comparable. However, the moderate correlation (r = 0.56) between AFLP and RAPD similarity matrices as well as the discrepancies in diversity estimates between the two techniques in some populations and in the lowland/central-highland plants could be due to differences in sensitivity of reaction conditions, bias in scoring of bands, number of markers used for analyses, and/or parts of the genome surveyed. For both AFLP and RAPD, the lowland/central-highland populations showed higher polymorphism and Shannon information measure (H) than the highlands. Cluster and principal component analyses performed for both marker types have also clearly demonstrated the differentiation of all the lowland/central highland plants from those of the highlands, in agreement with our previous conclusion. Markers scored from any of the five AFLP primer pairs were sufficient to clearly distinguish the two altitude groups; with RAPD, selection of about 8 informative markers produced by seven random primers was needed for the same purpose. 相似文献