猪未成熟卵的体外受精

日本农林水产省畜牧研究所和静冈大学的研究人员成功地对猪的未成熟卵进行了体外受精，并产下小猪。由于未成熟卵可进行冷冻保存，因此可望在培育新猪种方面发挥作用。 　　研究人员从大型约克夏猪的卵巢中取出未成熟的卵子，置于培养器内36h，使之成熟，使之受精后，在良好状态下发育的75个卵子移植到猪的输卵管内，后来成功地产下了3头小猪。发育初期阶段卵裂的卵子约为53％。 　　过去采用的猪人工授精技术，即使精子到达卵子，也难以良好地发育。而这次研究人员采用了由牛的血清和猪的卵泡制成的培养液，并添加了半胱氨酸(氨基酸的一种)，从而促进了发育。(李兵译自俄《畜牧业》     

水电厂可靠性评估系统的设计与开

水电厂作为电力系统的发电部分，其可靠性至关重要。水电厂故障将危害电力系统可靠性，并带来巨大的经济损失。为满足电力系统对水电厂可靠性的要求，需要利用已有的可靠性基础数据，对水电厂可靠性进行分析和评价。应用Visual C++开发工具，采用ADO (ActiveX Data Object) 技术设计开发了及水电厂可靠性评估系统。经水电厂现场使用表明该系统能满足现场需要，为水电厂可靠运行和检修提供重要的参考依据。     

黑河流域水资源调配评价的模糊物

采用模糊物元分析方法，结合欧氏贴近度的概念，按照社会－经济－生态环境－资源－效率合理性指标建立水资源调配评判指标。对黑河流域五种可能的水资源配置方案行进分析，选出最佳配置方案。从评价结果可以看出，选出的方案在流域实施后，能满足流域社会经济的可持续发展，同时保持生态环境的良好。     

宁夏引黄灌区用水者户协会的发展

宁夏引黄灌区为了加强灌区管理，充分体现农户的参与权、知情权、监督权和管理权，在政府的引导下成立了灌区农民用水者协会。农民参与灌溉管理改革的效果越来越明显。协会在农业用水管理中发挥了积极的作用,使宁夏的灌区逐步走向科学、规范的管理模式。     

基于LS-SVM的小水电站年发电量智

针对小水电站年发电量序列的特点，将最小二乘支持向量机（least squares support vector machine, LS-SVM）回归模型引入年发电量预测领域，并给出了相应的过程和算法。与常规基于人工神经网络（artificial neural networks, ANN）的智能预测方法比较，该模型优点是明显的：①将神经网络迭代学习问题转化为直接求解多元线性方程；②整个训练过程中有且仅有一个全局极值点，确定了预测的稳定性。最后，一个实际的预测例子表明：该模型实现容易、预测准确，适用于小水电站预测。     

Pharmacokinetics of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim in lactating dairy cows

Five Finnish Ayrshire cows in mid or end-lactation were treated with 40 mg sulphadiazine/kg and 8 mg trimethoprim/kg using intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. Elimination of sulphadiazine was not affected by the route of administration (median t1/2 4.4-5.0 h) while elimination of trimethoprim was strongly limited by slow absorption from the injection site after s.c. and i.m. administration (median for apparent t1/2 21-25 h) compared to that after i.v. administration (median t1/2 1.2 h; p < 0.05). The median bioavailability of trimethoprim was also decreased, being 37% and 55% after s.c. and i.m. administration, respectively. When i.v. administration was used, trimethoprim concentration exceeded 0.1 mg/l in milk between 0.15-8 h while sulphadiazine concentrations above 2 mg/l were maintained from 0.5-2 h to 8 h. After s.c. and i.m. administration sulphadiazine in milk behaved similar to that after i.v. administration, while trimethoprim time-concentration curves were flat and trimethoprim concentrations were around 0.1 mg/l for an extended period of time (8-12 h). Median Cmax values in milk were only 0.07 mg/l and 0.10 mg/l for s.c. and i.m. administrations, respectively. After s.c. administration, 4 out of 5 cows showed signs of pain. After i.m. administration, 2 of the cows showed clear signs of pain and one had some local tenderness at the site of injection.     

Comparison of selected diagnostic methods for identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium andersoni in routine examination of faeces

This study involved the comparison of suitability of different methods for routine diagnostics of Cryptosporidium spp. Two staining methods, one concentration-sedimentation method, seven concentration-floatation methods and one combined floatation-sedimentation method were compared. The methods were tested with two concentrations (1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(6)/g) of C. parvum and C. andersoni. The methods were evaluated using light microscope, magnification 400x for concentration methods and 1000x for stained samples respectively. Specificity of both staining methods was 95-100%. Ziehl-Neelsen with P < 0.01 is more suitable for identification of C. andersoni and modified Milácek-Vítovec with P < 0.01 for identification of C. parvum. Concerning specificity and sensitivity, the floatation-concentration method by Sheather was found to provide the best results of all selected methods. The merthiolate iodine formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) method was the least specific one. The least suitable method concerning sensitivity and costs was the floatation method with caesium chloride (CsCl) with a specificity of 29%.     

可视化仿真技术在施工截流中的应

为提高水利水电工程截流施工过程的施工效率，提出了基于三维图像的可视化仿真方法，利用高效的图形渲染引擎，将仿真结果与可视化系统相结合，为施工系统分析和管理提供了一个有力的工具，为制定合理的施工组织计划提供了科学依据。