Genetic resources of wild cereals in Israel and vicinity. I. Phenotypic variation within and between populations of wild wheat,Triticum dicoccoides

Summary Populations of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel, originating from diverse habitats, and tested earlier for allozyme (Nevo et al., 1982) and disease resistance polymorphisms (Moseman et al., 1983a, 1983b; Nevo et al., 1984a, 1984b), were compared and contrasted for performance in agronomically important phenotypic traits. The traits compared involved 10 variables comparing germination, earliness, biomass and yield variables. The field experiments were conducted in 1980, 1981 and 1982 in two relatively standardized and contrasting environments: mesic (Mount Carmel, Haifa) and xeric (Acedat Farm, and Sede Boqer, in the northern Negev desert). The experimental design involved 12 population quadrangles at Avedat Farm in 1980, and rows of randomized genotypes of five populations in both Haifa and Sede Boqer in 1981 and 1982.The results indicate that the characters studied are partly genetically determined. Striking genetic variation was found between and, at least in some characters, also within populations in each site, whereas remarkable environmental variation including genetic-environmental interaction was found between the mesic and the xeric sites. We conclude that natural populations of wild emmer wheat in Israel vary not only in genetic polymorphisms of allozymes and disease resistance, but also in quantitative traits of agronomic importance. These traits are economically significant and should be conserved and utilized in wheat crop improvement.     

以色列野生二棱大麦农艺性状差异及相关性分析

为给野生大麦的遗传和基因资源的研究提供依据,对起源于以色列不同地区6个群体的16个生态型野生二棱大麦的物候性状进行了研究.结果表明,不同生态型间的物候性状差异明显.从个体水平上分析,其最大值均出现在湿生生态型中,除旗叶面积外,其最小值则出现在旱生生态型中;从群体水平上分析,除每穗粒数外,湿生型平均值皆高于旱生型平均值.曼-怀氏等级和检验显示,湿生型和旱生型之间的这些物候性状差异达到显著水平.斯皮尔曼秩相关性检验则表明,9个物候与性状间,除三叶期与粒重、穗粒重无相关性外,其余物候性状间均呈显著的相关性,其中生长期与旗叶面积、株高、穗长、芒长等呈显著正相关,与每穗粒数则呈显著负相关;芒长与旗叶面积、株高,稳长与株高存在显著正相关,而每穗粒数则与芒长和旗叶面积分别呈显著负相关,芒长与穗长亦呈显著正相关.分析表明,以色列不同地区野生大麦物候性状差异是其生境主导下生存选择的结果,其丰富的表现型多样性,可用于遗传与育种研究.     

野生二粒小麦物候期与主要农艺性状特征研究

对以色列6个不同地区野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides)的物候期及主要农艺性状特征进行了观察分析。结果表明,来源于这6个地区的野生二粒小麦物候性状存在着明显的差异,其中,有3个物候期和7个农艺性状指标的单因素方差分析达极显著差异水平;这些指标间的斯皮尔曼秩相关检定显示,小穗重与旗叶期、出芒期和开花期存在显著负相关,而小穗裸粒重与每穗及其每株小穗数则成正相关。将这些指标与各群体起源地的14个生态地理因素作斯皮尔曼秩相关检定,结果显示,大多数彼此间具有显著的相关性。分析表明,源自不同地区的以色列野生二粒小麦物候性状差异明显,这些差异的形成是在特定的生态条件下长期适应性选择进化的结果,是产生野生二粒小麦遗传多样性的基础,并为现代栽培小麦改良提供极其丰富的基因资源。     

野生二粒小麦种子休眠特性分析

为给野生二粒小麦资源利用提供依据,对分别来自以色列北部湿润山区的Mt.Hermon、北部加利利(Galilee)附近地区的Gamla、Ammiad和Tabigha、中部山地区的Mt.Gerizim以及南部内盖夫沙漠北缘的J'aba地区的6个自然群体野生二粒小麦种子的休眠与萌发特征进行了研究.结果表明,以色列野生二粒小麦成熟的种子均具有明显的休眠习性;高温(40℃)储藏可加快野生二粒小麦种子的后熟过程,从而可以迅速地打破种子的休眠;不同群体野生二粒小麦休眠的程度不相同,由深至浅其休眠顺序为:Mt.Gerizim＜Mt.Hermon＜J'aba＜Ammiad＜Tabigha＜Gamla.进一步的方差分析结果显示,同一小穗上,上、下部两粒种子的休眠和萌发特性也存在着极显著的差异.     

Genetic resources of wild cereals in Israel and vicinity. II. Phenotypic variation within and between populations of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum

Summary Populations of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in Israel, originating from diverse habitats, and tested earlier for allozyme (Nevo et al., 1979a) and disease resistance polymorphisms (Moseman et al., 1984; Nevo et al., 1984a), were compared and contrasted for performance in agronomically important phenotypic traits. The traits compared involved 10 variables comparing germination, earliness, numerical and weight variables of biomass and yield. The field experiments were conducted in 1980, 1981 and 1982 in two relatively standardized and contrasting environments: mesic (Mount Carmel, Haifa) and xeric Avedat farm, and Sede Boqer (both in the northen Negev desert). The experimental design involved 26 population quadrangles at Avedat farm (1980), and rows of randomized plants of 11 populations in both Haifa and Sede Boqer (1981 and 1982).The results indicate that the characters studied are partly genetically determined. Striking genetic variation was found between and within populations in each site, whereas remarkable environmental variation including genetic environmental interaction was found between the mesic and the xeric sites, as well as between populations and years. We conclude that natural populations of wild barley in Israel vary not only in genetic polymorphisms of allozymes and disease resistance, but also in quantitative traits of agronomie importance. These traits are economically significant and should be conserved and utilized in barley crop improvement.     

Comparative transpiration of irrigated juvenile eucalypts in the Negev desert

Summary The summer water use patterns of five species of Eucalyptus were examined in the Negev desert in Israel where they received trickle irrigation once every 10 days during the period July-August 1986. The species transpired between 8% and 16% of the irrigation input on I ₁ (where I _n is the number of days after irrigation), and between 54% to 64% at the end of the 10-day period. Evaporation from the soil surface was calculated to account for < 30% of the total evapotranspiration. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements indicated significant interspecific differences in the mean hourly transpiration rates through the 10-day period after irrigation. Eucalyptus grossa, E. salubris, E. torquata and E. woodwardii had a pattern of initially high transpiration rates ranging from 126 to 70 mg cm^–2 d^–1 on I ₁, and gradually decreasing rates that stabilized at near constant rates ranging from 38 to 17 mg cm^–2 d^–1 after I ₃. Intraspecihc analyses of variance indicated that the transpiration rates of these four species were significantly different on the successive days after irrigation, while the transpiration rates of E. socialis were much more constant ranging only from 53 to 23 mg cm^–2 d^–1 over the 10-day period. The rapid depletion of irrigation inputs by E. grossa, E. salubris, E. torquata and E. woodwardii may be explained as an adaptation to the summer climatic conditions in their respective provenances in southwestern Western Australia. Under natural conditions, high transpiration rates are a means of exposing competitors to more severe soil water deficits. E. socialis, whose seed provenance was in Central Australia where summer rainfall is greater, did not exhibit the same water-spending strategy. The persistence of water use patterns that correspond to the climatic conditions in the provenances of drought-adapted ucalypts is an important consideration when selecting suitable species for trickle-irrigated afforestation projects in dryland environments.     

Antigen solubilized from human leukemia: lymphocyte stimulation

Soluble antigen was extracted with hypertonic (3 molar) potassium chloride from the malignant cells of seven patients with acute leukemia. The antigen and leukemia cells were used to stimulate autologous patients' and allogeneic normal donors' lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The lymphocytes of six patients showed significant blastogenic responses to autologous antigen. In contrast, the lymphocytes of only one of seven normal donors responded to the soluble antigens. Both patients' and normal subjects' lymphocytes responded to the intact leukemia cells. The use of these antigens should facilitate the study of specific tumor immunity in human leukemia.     

中国芦荟叶的形态解剖学研究

对芦荟成熟叶的形态及不同部位的解剖学研究结果表明,中国芦荟叶具有旱生植物的形态结构特征。表皮外具有厚的角质层。气孔下陷,具较大的孔下室。叶肉分为2部分,由同化薄壁组织和诸水薄壁组织组成。同化薄壁组织中栅栏组织和海绵组织分化不同明显,储水组织占叶面积的1/2以上。维管束呈环状分布,叶基部2轮,叶中、上部1轮。第1轮维管束位于同化薄壁组织和储水组织之间,其中韧皮薄壁组织细胞发达。     

以色列“进化峡谷”野生二棱大麦种子休眠与幼苗抗旱研究(英文)

野生二棱大麦是栽培大麦的祖先。广泛分布于"新月沃地"及中东地中海气候地区的野生二棱大麦有深度休眠和幼苗抗旱的重要特性。以色列"进化峡谷"是模拟研究非洲和欧洲不同生境生物进化与多样性的天然实验室。通过对"进化峡谷"3个微环境的野生二棱大麦种子休眠和幼苗抗旱的研究表明,起源于峡谷南坡(干热的非洲坡)大麦种子休眠深度大于北坡(冷湿的欧洲坡),峡谷底部居中;而对于幼苗抗旱力则恰好相反,北坡大于南坡,底部仍居中。大麦种子休眠深度与幼苗抗旱力呈正相关。结果分析显示,微环境在野生二棱大麦种子休眠和幼苗抗旱特性的自然选择与进化中起明显的决定作用,这两个特性在"进化峡谷"并未受物种内部迁移的影响,而与以色列相应区域有一致的表现。     

A novel computer simulation model for design and management of re-circulating aquaculture systems

The aim of this study was to develop a simulation model for finding the optimal layout and management regime for a re-circulating aquaculture system (RAS). The work plan involved: (1) quantifying the effects of fish growth and management practices on production; (2) developing a mathematical simulation model for the RAS, taking into account all factors that directly influence system profitability; and (3) estimating the production costs and, hence, the profitability of an RAS. The resulting model is process-oriented, following the flow of fish through the RAS facility, and generates an animated graphic representation of the processes through which the fish passes as it progress through the system. The simulation assesses the performance in terms of yearly turnover, stocking density, tank utilization and biomass in process, and uses statistics to track the state of the RAS and record changes that affect efficiency. The economic impact of system design and operation was modeled to enable a user to anticipate how changes in design or operating practices, costs of inputs, or price of products affect system profitability. The proposed approach overcomes difficulties in characterizing RAS design and operation. The simulation approach allows all of the RAS's components such as equipment, biological processes (e.g., fish growth), and management practices to be evaluated jointly, so that an initial design can be fine-tuned to produce an optimized system and management regime suited to a specific fish farm within a reasonable time. The methodology was executed step-by-step to design an optimal RAS that meets both economic and stocking-density limits. Optimal design specifications were presented for several case studies based on data from Kibbutz Sde Eliahu's RAS, in which Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are raised in 20 concrete raceways. Further research should include more extensive testing and validation of the integrated model, which then should be disseminated to the aquaculture community.