基于田块尺度的农田土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析

基于田块尺度采集农田表层土壤样品120件,采用绝对因子分析/多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型与地统计学分析对研究区域内As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属污染空间分布特征及来源进行解析,利用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤生态风险。研究结果表明：研究区表层土壤中8种重金属含量差异较大,As、Cd和Cr点位超标率分别为61.83%、90.83%和92.52%,土壤重金属Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在（占比在80%以上）。土壤中Cd、Cr和Cu含量空间分布格局呈东南部较高、中部次之、西北部较低的趋势,而Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的空间分布格局与此相反。APCS-MLR模型表明研究区域土壤重金属As、Cr、Cu和Ni的来源以自然源为主,占比分别为39.34%、47.32%、44.53%和50.23%; Pb、Zn的来源以工业活动源和交通源为主,占比分别为31.93%、30.53%和23.36%、22.17%; Cd的农业活动源占比为53.63%。土壤pH与有效态As、Cd、Cu和Ni含量呈极显著负相关性（P<0.01）,土壤有机质与有效态As、Cd和Cr呈极显著负相关性（P<0.01）。地累积指数显示土壤Cr总体处于中、重度污染水平,其次是Cd;生态危害指数也表明Cr和Cd是主要生态危害元素,潜在生态危害系数变化范围分别为5.20~41.12和11.56~113.35。总体来看,研究区域Cr和Cd污染较为严重,存在潜在风险,应采取安全利用和修复等措施,降低其风险水平。     

Genetic variation analysis and comprehensive evaluation of wood property traits of 20-year-old Chinese fir clone

This work focuses on the genetic variation of Chinese fir clones in the radial direction. Four 20-year-old Chinese fir clones were selected in Kaihua Forest Farm, Zhejiang, China, and the differences and genetic characteristics were studied. Clonal repeatability, genotype coefficient of variable, and phenotypical coefficient of variable were calculated to light on the genetic variation on the radial direction. Results showed significant differences (P?<?0.05) between the clones and annual rings of the same clone. The clonal repeatability of the ten wood properties is ranged from 0.5 to 0.8, wherein the fiber length, elastic modulus, and total dry density are higher than 0.7. For all the measured traits, the phenotypic variation of clones is greater than that of the genetic variation. Overall, the measured wood traits, especially the mechanical and physical properties, are strongly controlled by heredity, which means they are potentially helpful for genetic improvement of wood properties and optimal breeding. Furthermore, the clonal repeatability of the measured traits varies between annual rings, and the physical and mechanical properties are relatively stable. The principal component analysis results reveal that the clone of Kai 13 has the highest score.

     

太阳能预干联合热压干燥对桉木单板质量的影响

采用模拟太阳能加热(50℃)及太阳能预干联合热压法(温度140～200℃;时间2～3 min;压力0.5MPa)干燥桉木单板,研究太阳能干燥及热压联合干燥条件对单板质量产生的影响,并对单板的干燥质量、力学强度、粗糙度及接触角进行测定,采用近红外光谱及扫描电镜从微观层面分析变化原因。结果表明:太阳能预干干燥过程为等速干燥,单板热压干燥可快速降低含水率,联合干燥可有效提高干燥效率和干燥质量;随热压温度升高和热压时间的延长,单板力学强度不断增大,并在温度为180℃时达到最大值;在热压条件为200℃、3 min下,单板表面粗糙度最小为5.18μm,表面粗糙度与压缩率之间呈负相关关系,相关系数均在0.74以上;在热压条件为180℃、2 min下,接触角为107.63°,并在60 s后基本进入平衡状态。对单板微观结构进行分析可知,太阳能联合热压干燥过程中,单板主要成分会发生化学变化,半纤维素及木质素发生降解,内部成分及抽提物的迁移可增加单板表面的均一性,随着温度的升高,导管及纤维壁上出现褶皱。太阳能预干联合热压干燥在结合两种干燥方式优点的同时,可改善单板表面平整性,增加单板密实化程度,并能提高力学性能。