茴香轮作调控土壤细菌群落缓解三七连作障碍的效应及机制

三七是我国特有的中药材，但连作障碍严重制约了其产业发展，轮作是生产上最常用且有效的缓解措施。本研究在三七收获后的土壤上轮作茴香，通过测定轮作土壤水浸液对三七存苗的影响来评价轮作对三七连作障碍的缓解效果，并从轮作对土壤细菌群落的影响方面深入阐释轮作缓解连作障碍的机制。结果表明，茴香轮作后的土壤水浸液可以显著提高三七的存苗率。土壤细菌分析表明，茴香轮作后土壤细菌群落发生了明显改变。细菌的丰富度增加，相对丰度>1%的优势菌门变形菌门Proteobacteria和放线菌门Actinobacteria的相对丰度呈增加趋势。属水平上，轮作茴香使66个属的相对丰度显著增加，其中相对丰度>0.2%的优势菌属有14个；30个属的相对丰度显著降低，其中优势菌属有8个，总体上看相对丰度显著增加的属多于显著降低的属。在相对丰度显著增加的优势菌属中包含常见的拮抗菌属假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和芽孢杆菌属Bacillus细菌。本研究也分离到2株假单胞菌和1株芽孢杆菌对三七根腐病菌腐皮镰刀菌Fusarium solani和Monographella cucumerina具有明显的拮抗活性。因此，轮作茴香可以改善三七连作土壤细菌群落结构，增加土壤中拮抗细菌的丰度，提高三七的存苗率。生产上利用茴香与三七轮作对缓解连作障碍具有一定潜力。     

遵义烟区不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落及影响因素分析

为探究不同海拔下植烟土壤细菌群落结构特征及影响细菌群落结构的主要因素,在贵州省遵义地区选择海拔800（ZL）、1000（ZS）和1200m（ZH）的3块植烟土壤,采用16S rRNA高通量测序法对植烟土壤微生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,ZL和ZH处理植烟土壤细菌α多样性均低于ZS处理;3个海拔下植烟土壤优势门为放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）,放线菌门的相对丰度以ZL处理最高,较ZH处理提高了34.22%;变形菌门表现则相反,ZH处理变形菌门丰度较ZL处理显著提高。绿弯菌门与酸杆菌门丰度在3个海拔处理中表现较为一致,均为ZS>ZL>ZH。聚类热图分析结果显示,土壤含水率和pH与Armatimonadota和蓝细菌门（Gyanobacteria）存在显著正相关关系,与变形菌门存在显著负相关关系;变形菌门、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和髌骨菌门（Patescibacteria）与土壤微生物量氮存在显著正相关关系,而与速效钾存在极显著负相关关系。     

残塬沟壑区果园复合种植对土壤动物群落特征的影响

为了解苹果复合种植即果-蔬[MB]、果-草[MH]、果-荒[MW]、果-粮[MZ]模式下土壤动物群落结构特征,采用手拣法和改良干、湿生漏斗法,对黄土残塬沟壑区苹果园4种复合种植模式下的土壤动物群落组成及特征进行调查研究。4种模式下共分离得到土壤动物57.33百只/m~2,隶属4门11纲23目42个类群。4种复合种植模式下土壤动物个体密度和类群数的垂直分布特征表现出明显的表聚特征,水平分布特征表现为果-草[MH]果-蔬[MB]果-荒[MW]≥果-粮[MZ]。果-草[MH]复合种植模式下土壤动物的多样性指数、均匀度指数及丰富度指数最高,优势度指数最低,表明4种复合种植模式对果园土壤动物类群多样性的影响呈现不同的特征。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区苹果果园生物多样性保护提供土壤动物生态学依据。     

Assessing the efficacy and impact of management of an invasive species in a protected area: Poa annua on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.     

放牧强度对草甸草原植物群落特征及营养品质的影响

【目的】 植物群落特征是草地生态系统功能变化的敏感指标,是判别干扰条件下植被退化的重要生态学指标之一。研究不同放牧强度下温性草甸草原植物特征及品质变化情况,以了解放牧作用下草原植物退化的过程和机制,为退化草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔草甸草原肉牛控制放牧试验为平台,分析6种不同放牧强度（对照区G0.00:0,轻度放牧G0.23:0.2 cow.AU/hm²,较轻度放牧G0.34:0.34 cow.AU/hm²,中度放牧G0.46:0.46 cow.AU/hm²,较重度放牧G0.69:0.69 cow.AU/hm²,重度放牧G0.92:0.92 cow.AU/hm²）下温性草甸草原植物群落数量特征、多样性、功能群与营养品质的变化,并探讨他们之间的相关性。【结果】 放牧强度大于0.34 cow.AU/hm²时,群落盖度、群落高度、群落地上生物量、原有优势植物（羊草(Leymus chinensis))和贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)）生物量、地下生物量、枯落物生物量均呈现显著降低（P<0.05）,退化指示植物生物量（冷蒿、二裂委陵菜、星毛委陵菜和寸草苔）显著增加（P<0.05）;随着放牧强度的增加,群落α多样性指数呈现先升高后降低的趋势,放牧强度为0.34—0.46 cow.AU/hm²时,草地群落α多样性指数最高,符合中度干扰假说;植物功能群禾本科植物及其优势植物重要值随着放牧强度的增加逐渐降低,当放牧强度大于0.23 cow.AU/hm²时,优势植物重要值显著降低（P<0.05）,莎草科与退化指示植物重要值显著增加（P<0.05）。放牧不同程度增加了植物粗蛋白、粗灰分、总磷、钙和无氮浸出物含量,显著降低了植物粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和粗纤维含量（P<0.05）;群落α多样性指数相互之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与植物功能群豆科植物和杂类草重要值呈显著正相关、与禾本科植物重要值呈负相关;植物功能群禾本科和毛茛科植物重要值与植物酸性洗涤纤维和钙呈显著负相关、与中性洗涤纤维呈显著正相关,莎草科植物重要值与之相反。【结论】 不同放牧强度下植物群落特征及营养品质发生不同程度的变化,放牧强度为0.23—0.34 cow.AU/hm²较为适宜,适度放牧有利于提高群落物种多样性,保持草地植物群落稳定,促进草地生态系统可持续发展。     

刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

【目的】 刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,植物功能群和群落物种多样性是判别干扰条件下草地生态系统退化的重要生态学指标。研究不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物功能群和群落物种多样性的变化,了解刈割干扰下草原功能群与多样性变化过程和机制,为退化割草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原时空刈割配置为试验平台,于2014—2018年植物生长最旺盛的季节（即每年8月初）,采用样方法对各个小区进行群落植被调查。分析一年一割（G1）、两年一割（G2）、漏割带10 m（G3）、漏割带5 m（G4）和对照（CK）处理下草甸草原群落功能群和物种多样性变化以及刈割时间和不同刈割处理间的交互作用,探讨植物功能群与群落物种多样性的相关关系。【结果】 研究发现羊草（Leymus chinensis）在不同刈割制度下均为优势物种,但是随着刈割频次的增加呈现出羊草重要值逐渐降低,退化指示物种星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、披针叶黄华（Thermopsis lanceolate）等重要值增加的趋势;两年一割处理下羊草、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、长柱沙参（Adenophora stenanthina）、柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）和草地早熟禾（Poa ratensis）等植物重要值均高于其他处理。一年一割和常年不刈割处理下草地植物禾本科和豆科植物重要值所占比例减少,以退化植物居多的菊科和莎草科植物所占比例增加,在漏割带为10 m处理草地的豆科植物增加;刈割处理5年后,不同刈割制度下植物群落物种多样性指数均有增加,其中漏割带为10 m处理Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。5个刈割处理均匀度指数变化趋势不同,其中G3和G4处理草地的群落均匀度有增加的趋势,分别增加16%和5.8%,G1、G2和CK草地群落均匀度指数下降,其中G1下降最大（下降了1.8%）,其次是CK（下降1.6%）,G2草地下降最少。植物群落物种多样性指数变化分析表明经过5年不同刈割处理,漏割带10 m处理的草地植物群落物种多样性提高。群落物种多样性指数与植物功能群禾本科重要值存在极显著负相关关系,与毛茛科和菊科重要值呈现显著正相关关系。【结论】 长期高频度刈割会导致草原退化,同样对草原长期不利用也会致使草原发生逆行演替;两年一割和漏割带为10 m的连年刈割均可以缓解群落中禾本科等优势植物比例下降,促进毛茛科植物比例增加;经过5年的不同刈割处理,漏割带为10 m的刈割处理植物群落物种多样性有所提高,即对草原进行适度刈割干扰（两年一割和漏割带10 m）有利于草原的可持续发展。     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

A novel approach to estimating the competitive ability of Cirsium arvense in cereals using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery

Eight experiments were carried out in Denmark to determine the yield loss of spring barley due to Cirsium arvense in farmers' fields and to suggest and evaluate a novel approach for quantifying C. arvense infestation in large plots. Literature about the competitive ability of C. arvense is old, scattered and inconclusive, and existing models for estimating crop yield loss are based on data from North America. This study showed that C. arvense coverage could be quantified from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using a manual image analysis procedure. This gave similar results as scoring the coverage. Yield loss of spring barley due to C. arvense infestation assessed at harvest was given by Y = 100·(1−exp(−0.00170·X)) where Y is the percentage of crop yield loss and X is the percentage of C. arvense coverage. The yield loss was much lower than estimates from models that have been developed in North America. It is speculated that the main reason for this is the later emergence of C. arvense than the crop due to lower soil temperatures in spring. Grain moisture increased linearly with C. arvense coverage: M = 0.0310·X where M is the proportional (%) increase in grain moisture and X is the proportion (%) of C. arvense coverage. Automated image analysis procedures are needed to estimate C. arvense coverage on field scales, and further experiments are needed to reveal whether the low competitive ability of C. arvense found in this study is representative for Northern Europe.     

Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).