Milk vetch dwarf virus infection in the Solanaceae and Caricaceae families in Southeast Asia

Milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) is an important member of the genus Nanovirus and is transmitted by the aphid Aphis craccivora. MDV has multiple single-stranded DNA genome components, each approximately 1 kb, and two or three alpha-satellite molecules. It mainly infects plants of the legume family Fabaceae. Recently, papaya (Carica papaya) collected in Yesan, South Korea, displaying symptoms of leaf yellowing and dwarfism, was identified as a new host for MDV. To examine the geographical distribution of MDV, papaya samples with symptoms were harvested in South Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan in August 2018, along with tomato and pepper samples grown in adjacent fields in Vietnam. The results revealed the presence of MDV not only in papaya but also in pepper and tomato. This MDV infection in members of the Solanaceae family was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization performed using a PCR product of segment S as a probe. Based on sequence analysis of three MDV components (M, S, and C3), we verified the presence of three different isolates of MDV in these three countries and homology between sequences of isolates from papaya and from members of the Solanaceae from Vietnam. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate MDV infection in Vietnam and Taiwan for the first time and confirm that MDV can infect economically important pepper and tomato.     

Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.): A Potential Feed Legume Crop for Dry Areas in West Asia

Provision of feed supplies for the rapidly growing livestock population is essential in West Asia. Shortages can be alleviated by growing forage crops in the existing fallow lands.
Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) is a leguminous species with high yield potential, drought tolerance and cold resistance. It could be used for grain and straw production as source for animal feed in dry areas. It is good source of protein with seeds contain 28 % protein yielding 364 kg per hectare protein, whilst straw contains 9 % protein and yields a similar amounts of digestible protein per hectare.
Nine promising lines of Narbon vetch developed at ICARDA were tested at two sites over four years under rainfed conditions. Since climatic conditions were considered to be of considerable importance, each site in each year was treated as a separate environment to give eight environments with annual rainfall varied from 195 to 504 mm.
Narbon vetch possessed high seedling vigour with rapid winter growth and negligible cold damage. Grain yield varied form 0.47 to 1.90 t/ha, with a harvest index varying from 30 to 40 %. The data indicated that below 300 mm rainfall the grain yield varied from 0.47 t/ha when rain fall was 195 mm to 1.4 t/ha when rainfall was 245 mm. Most of the lines had wide adaptation to dry areas in terms of both grain yield and stability. Climate, except early spring rains had little effect on biological and grain yields.     

氮素用量和密度对玉米营养体产量的影响

研究了氮素施用量和密度对玉米营养体产量的影响。结果表明，增施氮素和增加种植密度对玉米营养体产量有显著的增产效应，在密度为15万株／hm^2，施氮237kg/hm^2时，玉米营养体产量最高，为32584.7kg/hm^2，比常规种植密度9万株/hm^2增产26％。玉米营养体产量乳熟期最大，适宜收割期宜在灌浆期。营养体生产较籽实生产收获期提前了50d，利用玉米营养体收获后的生长余季（8月1日－10月20日）生产毛叶苕子营养体，二者合计生产绿色营养体3．88万kg/hm^2，粗蛋白5638．51kg/hm^2，分别是籽实生产的1．5，3．77倍。光，热，水生产效率较籽实生产提高了47．8％。     

晚稻机收留高茬紫云英迟播技术的应用效果研究

通过田间试验,研究了双季稻田晚稻机械收获留高茬后紫云英迟播的应用效果。结果表明,与传统紫云英播种技术相比,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播显著缩短了紫云英的生育期,但其盛花期能保持与传统播种技术一致,对下茬早稻作物的种植没有影响;两种播种方法对盛花期鲜草产量、植株养分含量和养分积累量均没有显著影响,说明迟播播种能达到与传统播种一样的肥田目的;迟播对紫云英的种子产量及产量构成因素均没有明显影响,与传统播种技术相比可节约劳动力成本约45元/hm2,且可避免传统播种方法对晚稻植株的伤害。在现代双季稻种植条件下,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播技术具有较大的优势和发展前景。     

紫云英与双季稻秸秆协同利用影响稻田土壤钾循环与平衡

稻草还田和冬种绿肥是维持稻田地力和化肥替代的重要方式之一.本研究以在湖南酸性红黄泥和碱性紫潮泥两种典型稻田土壤上进行了2年的紫云英-双季稻定位试验为对象,分析紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用对稻田土壤K循环的影响.两土壤试验处理一致,包括稻田冬闲(FRR)、冬种紫云英(MvRR)及冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用(MvRR+St)3个处理.结果表明:与冬闲和冬种紫云英相比,紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用未影响红黄泥土壤各形态钾的含量,但显著提高紫潮泥土壤速效钾和非交换性钾的含量,其中紫潮泥土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾及特殊吸附钾的含量较冬种紫云英处理分别提高了134.0％、93.0％、73.4％;两种典型稻田土壤上紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用显著提高下茬作物紫云英的全K含量及吸K量,且紫云英的吸K量为紫潮泥>红黄泥;两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用均未影响早、晚稻产量及籽粒K积累;在稻田各种植季和周年目前的K投入水平下,两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用处理均存在K盈余(红黄泥K盈余量为401.15 kg·hm-2、紫潮泥K盈余量为403.42 kg·hm-2),说明冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用能减少双季稻生产中的化学钾肥投入量.综上所述,紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用有益于稻田土壤的K循环与平衡.     

燕麦与毛苕子混播试验初报

通过对比试验的方法，进行了燕麦与毛苕子混播试验，结果表明：B处理鲜草产量明显高于其它处理，其抗倒伏性能随毛苕子播量的增加而降低。B处理的燕麦与毛苕子植株增高幅度也最大。     

青海东部农区小黑麦与豆科牧草的混播组合与混播比例

为筛选适宜青海省东部农区推广的小黑麦( × Triticosecale Wittmack)与豆科牧草的混播组合及比例,采用裂区设计,研究了‘甘农2号’小黑麦与两种豆科牧草[‘青建1号’饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)和毛苕子(Vicia villosa)]不同混播比例(0?? 100、20?? 80、30?? 70、40?? 60、50?? 50、60?? 40、70?? 30、80?? 20、100?? 0)的混播效应。结果表明：从混播组合看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆混播的平均鲜草产量(41.80 t·hm–2)最高;从混播比例看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与豆科牧草50?? 50混播时平均鲜草产量(44.45 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和豆科牧草单播平均分别提高了17.94%和17.53%;混播组合和混播比例间的交互作用表明,‘甘农2号’小黑麦和‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例混播时总鲜草产量(45.55 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和饲用豌豆单播分别提高了20.09%和17.00%。相关分析表明,混播群体的鲜草产量与小黑麦株高呈显著正相关关系(P < 0.05),与豆科牧草株高呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。因此,在青海省东部农区推荐‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例进行混播。     

The effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage in Tibet

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage in Tibet. Four TMR that varied in the forage sources on dry matter basis were used: (i) 52% whole‐plant corn (Control); (ii) 43% oat + 12% common vetch (OC3.6); (iii) 38% oat + 18% common vetch (OC2.2); and (iv) 33% oat + 23% common vetch (OC1.5). Silos were opened on day 45 and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. The results showed that all silages were well preserved with low pH and NH₃‐N, and high lactic acid and V‐scores. With the increasing proportion of common vetch, crude protein, ether extract increased (P < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05). Under aerobic conditions, treated silages were more stable than the control silage as indicated by lower (P < 0.05) pH and yeast population. It was concluded that replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch had no unfavorable effects on the fermentation quality and improved crude protein content and aerobic stability of TMR silage. OC2.2 silage was the best among three treated TMR silages.     

紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机设计与试验

针对紫云英联合收获物料组分构成复杂及其小差异混杂特性,使其在分离清选作业过程中存在高含杂、多损失等问题,提出“先筛分、再气流清”的作业模式,设计了紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机,并对喂料斗出口处料层厚度调节机构、筛分装置、集杂除尘装置等关键部件进行了设计选型与参数计算。基于DEM-CFD耦合数值模拟方法,确定了物料层调节厚度、筛分装置驱振振幅和吸杂管道风量调节手柄挡位等主要影响因素合理的取值范围,运用Minitab进行正交试验设计,以籽粒清洁率和夹带总损失率为响应值,得到影响紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机作业质量的最优因素参数组合：物料层调节厚度为16.8mm、筛分装置驱振振幅为35mm、吸杂管道风量调节手柄在挡位5,此时,籽粒清洁率均值为98.07%,夹带总损失率均值为2.96%,试验结果满足设计要求。     

水稻联合收割机收获紫云英种子的应用效果研究

为了研究水稻联合收割机收获紫云英种子的应用效果,对比分析了机械收种和人工收种两种方法的种子产量、劳动效率、收割成本和经济效益。结果表明,与传统人工收种方法相比,机械收种降低了紫云英种子的损失率,比人工收种产量增加了92.7 kg/hm2,增幅为16.3%;提高了劳动效率,一台收割机一天收获的紫云英种子数量相当于18~20人一天的收种量;节约了紫云英留种生产的劳动成本,提高了紫云英种子生产的经济效益,采用机械收获紫云英种子比人工收种直接降低劳动成本2 175~3 000元/hm2,增加经济收入3 307~4 099元/hm2。该技术的推广应用对缓解南方稻区紫云英种子的短缺问题以及加快紫云英绿肥作物的发展具有重要的作用。