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1.
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) have been at the center of herbicide metabolism research as a result of their ability to endow selectivity in crops and resistance in weeds. In the last 20 years, ≈30 P450s from diverse plant species have been revealed to possess herbicide‐metabolizing function, some of which were demonstrated to play a key role in plant herbicide sensitivity. Recent research even demonstrated that some P450s from crops and weeds metabolize numerous herbicides from various chemical backbones, which highlights the importance of P450s in the current agricultural systems. However, due to the enormous number of plant P450s and the complexity of their function, expression and regulation, it remains a challenge to fully explore the potential of P450‐mediated herbicide metabolism in crop improvement and herbicide resistance mitigation. Differences in the substrate specificity of each herbicide‐metabolizing P450 are now evident. Comparisons of the substrate specificity and protein structures of P450s will be beneficial for the discovery of selective herbicides and may lead to the development of crops with higher herbicide tolerance by transgenics or genome‐editing technologies. Furthermore, the knowledge will help design sound management strategies for weed resistance including the prediction of cross‐resistance patterns. Overcoming the ambiguity of P450 function in plant xenobiotic pathways will unlock the full potential of this enzyme family in advancing global agriculture and food security. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
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为筛选出对芨芨草具有高效防除作用的除草剂品种及组合,本研究采用茎叶喷雾法分别在芨芨草开花期和平茬(成株芨芨草离地面15 cm刈割)后第3天施药,测定了10种常用除草剂品种和6个除草剂组合对芨芨草的防除效果,获得了"花期茎叶喷施除草剂"和"平茬+喷施除草剂方式"清除芨芨草技术。1)开花期:18%草铵膦AS在有效剂量(下同)405 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达100%;41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS剂量为922.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达87.18%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为216 g/hm~2时,药后15 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达77.03%;18%草铵膦AS 180 g/hm~2+10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 37.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达91.30%。2)平茬后:18%草铵膦AS、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS均药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效均大于87%;30%苯唑草酮SC剂量为22.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.97%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为144 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达88.21%;15.8%精喹禾灵EC剂量135 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.26%;12.5%烯禾啶EC 112.5 g/hm~2+15.8%精喹禾灵EC 15.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达97.97%。  相似文献   
3.
乙酰羟酸合酶抑制剂类除草剂的植物抗性机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
乙酰羟酸合酶(AHAS)抑制剂类除草剂已被广泛用于农业生产,然而使用过程中可能对部分敏感农作物产生药害,因此创制对不同类别除草剂具有抗性的一系列作物新品种至关重要。本文将从AHAS抑制剂类除草剂的类别与特点、AHAS靶酶的特性及其在支链氨基酸合成中的作用、除草剂的靶标抗性与非靶标抗性机制等方面分析国内外研究现状与未来发展动态,以期为农作物除草剂抗性性状的遗传改良和开发应用提供参考。  相似文献   
4.
S N White 《Weed Research》2018,58(2):112-120
Festuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m?2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.  相似文献   
5.
水稻抗咪唑啉酮类除草剂基因ALS功能标记的开发与应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
选育和利用抗除草剂水稻品种具有重要的生产实践意义。通过筛选水稻资源,发现了抗除草剂材料金粳818,其ALS基因编码区第1880位碱基存在一个由G到A的碱基变异,导致丝氨酸突变为天冬酰胺,从而具有除草剂抗性。本研究基于该位点的碱基变异,设计了11条等位基因特异PCR(allelic-specific PCR,AS-PCR)引物,经过优化筛选,获得两个引物组合F1N(S1/S9)和F1M(S1/S10),将该标记命名为AS-ALS。利用F2群体及其亲本和杂交种,结合AS-ALS标记检测和除草剂抗性分析,结果表明感除草剂ALS-G等位基因型只能被F1N引物对有效扩增,抗除草剂ALS-A等位基因型只能被F1M引物对有效扩增,而杂合基因型能同时被两对引物F1N和F1M扩增,ALS-A纯合或杂合等位基因型都表现抗除草剂,ALS-G纯合基因型表现感除草剂。因此本研究开发的标记能有效区分除草剂抗性基因的3种基因型,基因型与表型完全对应。该标记用于回交育种,可以选择ALS-A杂合基因型单株,剔除ALS-G纯合等位基因型,在自交的F2保留ALS-A纯合基因型单株,连续自交,能快速获得除草剂抗性稳定的水稻材料。该除草剂抗性基因的功能标记还可用于咪唑啉酮类除草剂抗性资源筛选。  相似文献   
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Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in Argentina, accounting for 62% of the commercialized pesticides on the market. It is used as a weed controller in no-till systems, and it is also applied to various genetically modified crops (e.g., soybean, corn, and cotton). Although it has a high solubility in water, it tends to adsorb and accumulate in agricultural soils. The main objectives of this work were to compare the dissipation of glyphosate and the accumulation of its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) over time in three soils from agricultural areas of Argentina under long-term management with no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices. There were no differences in dissipation between NT and CT, indicating that the glyphosate-degrading microflora was not modified by the different tillage managements. Moreover, tillage practices did not alter the general soil properties; therefore, glyphosate bioavailability was not affected by NT or CT practice. Forty percent of the applied glyphosate was degraded within the first three days in all soils, indicating a fast initial dissipation rate. However, the dissipation rate considerably decreased over time, and the degradation kinetics followed a bi-exponential (or two-compartment) kinetic model. No differences were found between tillage practices. Dissipation was not related to the microbial activity measured as soil respiration. The fast decrease in the concentration of glyphosate at the beginning of the dissipation study was not reflected in an increase in the concentration of AMPA. The estimated half-lives for glyphosate ranged between 9 and 38 d. However, glyphosate bioavailability decreases over time, as it is strongly adsorbed to the soil matrix. This increases its residence time, which may lead to its accumulation in agricultural soils.  相似文献   
8.
探究不同除草剂对糜子(Panicum miliaceum)田杂草的防效以及对糜子生长发育的影响,为除草剂在糜子田的安全使用提供依据。试验以糜子品种‘榆糜2号’为材料,土壤封闭型除草剂330 g·L?1二甲戊灵乳油、10%单嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂在糜子播种后出苗前喷施;茎叶型除草剂36%唑草·苯磺隆可湿性粉剂、55%苯·唑·2甲钠可湿性粉剂在糜子三叶期时喷施。各除草剂选用推荐剂量进行喷施,喷施15 d后开始调查杂草鲜重,以此作为防效标准,糜子抽穗后调查糜子植株干物质积累、叶片叶绿素含量、农艺性状和产量。结果表明,单嘧磺隆和苯·唑·2甲钠杂草防效较好,鲜重抑制率达99.7%和88.4%;与不除草对照相比,除草剂对糜子地上部干物质积累、功能叶叶绿素相对含量有不同程度影响;4种除草剂提高了糜子主穗重,糜子产量均显著提高(P<0.05),其中单嘧磺隆与苯·唑·2甲钠增产效果显著,较清水对照增加了271.66%和275.34%。综上,土壤封闭型除草剂单嘧磺隆和茎叶型除草剂苯·唑·2甲钠杂草防除效果较好,鲜重抑制率在糜子全生育期均较高,对糜子产量提升最大,为糜子田较为适宜的除草剂类型。  相似文献   
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