噻虫嗪在农田土壤中环境行为的研究进展

噻虫嗪是当前全球销售量最大的新烟碱类农药之一，随着噻虫嗪的广泛使用，噻虫嗪在土壤环境中的迁移转化和归宿问题成为研究热点。本文总结了噻虫嗪对陆生生物（蜜蜂、蚕、蚯蚓、鹌鹑）、水生生物（藻类、大型溞、斑马鱼等）以及土壤微生物的影响，系统综述了噻虫嗪在农田土壤中的残留、降解、吸附解析以及迁移与淋溶等环境行为及主要影响因素，并指出了噻虫嗪在农田土壤中环境行为相关研究存在的不足以及未来研究应该关注的重点和方向，以期为噻虫嗪的科学安全使用以及保障农田土壤生态环境健康提供科学依据。     

噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺在枸杞中的残留消解及膳食摄入风险评估

为分析50%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂在枸杞上的残留情况, 评估其残留量对人体的膳食摄入风险, 建立了噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺在枸杞上的高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法, 分析枸杞中农药的最终残留量, 估算农药慢性摄入风险。结果表明, 在0.01~1.0 mg/L的范围内, 2种农药的线性关系良好, 相关系数大于0.999。在0.01、0.1、1.0 mg/kg 3个添加水平下, 平均回收率为80.7%~106.6%, 相对标准偏差为1.4%~4.6%。储藏稳定性试验结果表明, 冷冻条件下储藏11个月, 噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在枸杞中均稳定。中国居民摄入噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的慢性暴露风险分别为16.6%和3.8%, 远低于100%, 慢性膳食暴露风险低。     

增效剂对常用烟碱类杀虫剂防治棉蚜的减量增效作用

【目的】研究添加增效剂对常用烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉和噻虫嗪防治棉蚜的增效作用,为增效剂和杀虫剂的科学高效利用提供数据基础。【方法】采用田间小区喷雾试验,测定增效剂的适宜用量,对比分析杀虫剂田间常规用量减少10%、20%、30%后添加增效剂对棉蚜的防效。【结果】0.15% Fieldor Max EC对烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉和噻虫嗪具有明显的增效作用,适宜用量为450.0~ 675.0 mL/hm²;杀虫剂减量后配施增效剂对棉蚜防效增加或相当,药后1 d,70%吡虫啉WG和25%噻虫嗪WG减量10%~30%后添加增效剂,防效分别为65.5%~81.4%和62.2%~78.5%,减量10%和20%防效显著高于常规用量,减量30%防效与常规用量差异不显著;药后3 d,70%吡虫啉WG和25%噻虫嗪WG减量10%~30%后添加增效剂,防效分别为68.4%~85.2%和63.5%~79.6%,减量10%和20%防效显著高于常规用量,减量30%防效与常规用量差异不显著;药后7 d,70%吡虫啉WG和25%噻虫嗪WG减量10%~30%后添加增效剂,防效分别为59.2%~78.5%和56.5%~71.1%,减量10%和20%防效显著高于常规用量,减量30%防效与常规用量差异不显著。【结论】增效剂0.15% Fieldor Max EC对吡虫啉和噻虫嗪具有明显的减量增效作用,推荐使用量为450~ 675 mL/hm²;减少吡虫啉和噻虫嗪用量10%~20%后添加增效剂,对棉蚜防效显著高于常规用量,减量30%防效与常规用量差异不显著,利用增效剂减少杀虫剂使用量和提高防治效果具有较好的应用价值。     

Comparing the Impact of a Neonicotinoid and Biorational Agroneem on Herbivorous and Beneficial Arthropods on Cowpea and Tomato

Cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） and tomato （Lycopersicum esculentum L. Karst） are attacked by a wide range of insect pests worldwide. In many cases, pesticides are used to control the pests. In 2010 and 2011, we conducted field experiments to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a biorational （Agroneem~） and conventional pesticide （imidacloprid or thiamethoxam） on insect pests of these crops. In the first year, two varieties of cowpea （Mississippi Silver and Pinkeye Purple Hull） and two of tomato （Mariana and German Johnson） were used; in the second year, the better performing of each group （Mississippi Silver and Mariana） were used for the study. A split-plot design with four replications in Year 1, and a randomized complete block design with six treatment combinations in Year 2. In the first year, both pesticide groups were applied following manufacturer＇s recommendation （10-14 d cycles）; and in the second year, the application of the pesticides was driven by economic thresholds level （ETL） of insect pests. The most prevalent species of insects recorded in both crops were in the families： Chrysomelidae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, Vespidae, Sarcophagidae, Thripidae and Sphingidae. In both years, the diversity of insects on cowpea was greater than on tomato and more insects were observed in the second year compared to the first, despite the absence of significant difference （P 〉 0.05） between varieties in the treated plots. The yield of cowpea and tomato was comparable in all sprayed plots.     

硝酸盐对硅胶表面噻虫嗪的光敏化降解的初步研究

以硅胶模拟土壤颗粒,研究了噻虫嗪在硅胶表面的光解作用。通过正交实验,研究了萃取剂种类、萃取剂用量、萃取时间,以及噻虫嗪在硅胶上的负载量等因素对萃取效果的影响,确定了最佳萃取条件。通过对照NO-3存在与否2种情况下噻虫嗪的光解情况,考察了NO3-对噻虫嗪光解作用的影响。结果表明,在氙灯照射下,噻虫嗪的半衰期与硝酸钾的负载量有关,随着硝酸钾含量的增加,噻虫嗪的半衰期有明显降低,速率常数相应增大,硝酸盐对噻虫嗪的光解有促进作用。随着光照强度的增大,噻虫嗪的半衰期也相应缩短。     

Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton

BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B is one of the most important pests on cotton around the world. Laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against B. tabaci on cotton. RESULTS: Under laboratory conditions, the two treatments caused whitefly adult mortality, reduced oviposition and increased mortality of nymphs at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after germination (DAG). The longer the adults fed on plants from treated seeds, the higher the mortality. The two treatments did not have any effect on eggs. The efficacy of the treated seeds against B. tabaci gradually decreased from 10 to 40 DAG, being the lowest at 40 DAG. In laboratory experiments, the efficacies between the two treatments were similar. In greenhouse experiments, the two treatments were equally effective with lower numbers of whiteflies than untreated controls. With both treatments the concentrations of the active ingredient were gradually reduced with aging of the plants and from the bottom to the top leaves of the plants. Numbers of live whiteflies were well correlated with the dosage of active ingredients. Under field conditions, the seeds treated with both insecticides exhibited similar efficacy against B. tabaci for up to ～2 months. CONCLUSION: Cotton seeds treated with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were effective against B. tabaci for up to 45 days under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, and up to ～2 months under field conditions. Use of imidacloprid‐ and thiamethoxam‐treated seeds can be an important alternative for management of whiteflies on cotton. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Correlated responses to neonicotinoid insecticides in clones of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

BACKGROUND: Although there are still no confirmed reports of strong resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in aphids, the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) shows variation in response, with some clones exhibiting up to tenfold resistance to imidacloprid. Five clones varying in response to imidacloprid were tested with four other neonicotinoid molecules to investigate the extent of cross-resistance.RESULTS: All four compounds-thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran-were cross-resisted, with ED(50) values ranked in the same order as for imidacloprid. Resistance factors ranged up to 11 for imidacloprid, 18 for thiamethoxam, 13 for thiacloprid, 100 for clothianidin and 6 for dinotefuran.CONCLUSION: This variation in response does not appear to be sufficient to compromise the field performance of neonicotinoids aimed at controlling aphids. However, it highlights the need for careful vigilance and stewardship in all M. persicae populations, and a need to consider neonicotinoids as a single cross-resisted group for management purposes.     

噻虫嗪不同处理方法对烟粉虱的毒力及药效评价

以烟粉虱为供试昆虫,采用不同处理方法对噻虫嗪活性进行了综合评价。3种处理方法对烟粉虱若虫毒力测定的结果显示,正面施药法、叶柄包药棉法和浸叶法的最高浓度(125 mg/L,2 000倍液)对1、2龄若虫的校正死亡率均达到90％以上,浸叶法和叶柄包药棉法的效果优于正面施药法。噻虫嗪对烟粉虱成虫同样具有较高活性,内吸作用效果最好,其次为浸叶法,正面施药法最低。灌根和喷雾施药方法对烟粉虱的田间防效显著高于单叶施药和涂茎方法,药后1 d、3 d的防效均达到95％以上,灌根方法持效期可达14 d以上。上述结果表明,噻虫嗪的内吸传导作用最强,其次为触杀活性,并有一定的渗透性,在田间持效期长,在生产中可以根据需要选择使用不同的施药方式,以达到最佳防治效果。