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Soybean rust, caused by the biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is the most important foliar disease of soybean (Glycine max) worldwide. Deployment of resistant soybean cultivars is the best option for managing this disease. Genes conferring resistance to P. pachyrhizi have been identified, but pathotypes of the rust fungus overcoming these resistance genes have also been found. To identify novel resistance genes, soybean genotypes from both local and international sources were screened at multiple locations in Tanzania and Uganda in 2016 and 2017. The results from this screening revealed that infection types, disease severities, and sporulation levels varied among the genotypes and locations. The majority of the genotypes had tan-coloured (TAN) lesions and developed moderate sporulation, implying susceptibility, while only seven of the 71 lines had reddish-brown (RB) lesions and showed low disease severities in all of the screening environments. We identified seven genotypes that were the most resistant to rust in the most locations over the two years. These genotypes will be useful for further studies and, ultimately, for rust management, as they show broad resistance to various pathotypes of the rust fungus.  相似文献   
3.
Plant–virus interactions are affected by environmental conditions that determine plant vulnerability to pathogens and the population dynamics of insect vectors. We hypothesize that drought enhances horizontal transmission by dampening the basal immunity of plants, which triggers symptom expression and vector manipulation. The potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) causes potato yellow vein disease (PYVD), a re-emerging epidemic of potato crops in South America, and is transmitted horizontally by the greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), or vertically through infected seed tubers. We investigated the role of drought and temperature as modulators of PYVD symptom expression, plant immune response, and vector survival, development and host preference. We found that drought induced symptom expression, suppressed the salicylic acid pathway and increased PYVV replication. GWF survival was reduced on PYVV-infected hosts and development was slowest when they fed on plants with PYVD symptoms, which also triggered adults’ attraction to PYVV-infected plants. However, adults previously fed on infected plants showed the opposite effect, being more attracted to PYVV-free plants. We propose a theoretical model that explains the role of drought in modulating potato–PYVV–GWF interactions and provides new insights into plant–virus–vector coevolution.  相似文献   
4.
黄猄蚁(Oecophylla smaragdina)是最早用于农业生防的昆虫,目前已被证明能防治20多种农业害虫,对农林生产具有重要作用,但目前黄猄蚁对常见农药的药剂敏感性尚不清楚。本研究采集云南西双版纳地区的黄猄蚁,使用3种常见农药噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、呋虫胺对其进行了毒力测定,并在培养皿放置毒饵和蚂蚁之后的8 h、16 h、24 h、32 h、40 h、48 h分别记录了黄猄蚁的死亡情况。结果表明: 黄猄蚁对不同药剂的敏感性存在差异,黄猄蚁对呋虫胺,噻虫嗪以及吡虫啉的16h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.130 g/l,0.290 g/l和0.382 g/l,差异显著。连续观察两天后,发现不同农药对黄猄蚁的致死时间也存在差异,该研究可为黄猄蚁生防的利用和保护提供科学参考。  相似文献   
5.
Co-infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co-infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co-infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co-infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co-infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co-infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co-infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co-infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co-infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co-infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co-infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.  相似文献   
6.
 稻曲病菌在侵染过程中会分泌大量的效应蛋白来帮助其侵染。本研究鉴定到一个稻曲病菌效应蛋白UvSix1-1,同源序列比对及系统发育分析发现其具有Six1蛋白保守的氨基酸位点,并与多个病原菌中的Six1蛋白具有同源性。进一步研究发现UvSix1-1可以抑制Bax、XEG1和INF1引起的烟草叶片细胞坏死,并且其预测的信号肽区域具有分泌功能,在烟草上瞬时表达UvSix1-1可以促进辣椒疫霉的定殖。对不同稻曲菌株中的序列进行分析,没有发现序列多态性,说明该基因非常保守。以上研究结果表明,UvSix1-1在病原菌侵染过程中发挥作用,研究结果为稻曲病菌效应蛋白的研究提供参考。  相似文献   
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Uromycladium acaciae is the cause of a severe wattle rust epidemic in plantations of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in southern Africa. Research on the biology of this damaging rust is assisting in the development of control strategies. One strategy under investigation is the identification and deployment of resistant lines of A. mearnsii. Selection of resistant families currently relies on large-scale, time-consuming and expensive field trials. In this study, we present a detailed artificial inoculation protocol for U. acaciae, which can be used to screen for resistance. The results of an experiment that used the protocol to screen the relative resistance of 12 families of A. mearnsii to U. acaciae are also presented. The developed artificial inoculation protocol can also be used to investigate several other aspects of this host–pathogen system.  相似文献   
9.
Artificial light at night (ALAN) can cause circadian disruption and result in adverse behavioral and ecological effects in free‐living birds, but studies on captive pet birds as companion animals have been infrequent. We studied the effects of exposure to bright ALAN on body mass, melatonin sulfate levels, reproduction and disease severity in Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) kept in captivity. During the experiment, birds were kept under outdoor temperature, humidity and natural photoperiod from September to December. A total of 48 birds were equally split into 4 groups (6 mating pairs each) and concurrently exposed to ALAN of 200 lux with different duration (0, 30, 60 and 90 min). Monthly observations were recorded for all dependent parameters. ALAN exposure increased mass gain and suppressed melatonin levels in a dose‐dependent manner, especially during December. In addition, ALAN exposure in all duration groups decreased egg production and reduced hatchability from 61% ± 14% in the ALAN‐unexposed control group to 0% in the ALAN‐exposed birds. Disease severity was also found to increase in line with the duration of ALAN exposure. In captive M. undulatus, ALAN exposure was demonstrated to affect photoperiodic regulation with subsequent excess mass gain and reproduction impairment, and increased susceptibility to infections plausibly through duration dose‐dependent suppression of melatonin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a possible association between acute bright ALAN of increasing duration and both natural development of infections as well as reproductive cessation in captive birds. Our findings could be used to improve breeding conditions of captive birds.  相似文献   
10.
Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility (MS) via magnetometer have been increasingly used with terrain variables for digital soil mapping. However, this methodology is still emerging in many countries with tropical soils. The objective of this study was to use proximal soil sensor data associated with terrain variables at varying spatial resolutions to predict soil classes using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The study was conducted on a 316-ha area featuring highly variable soil classes and complex soil-landscape relationships in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were evaluated using soils that were classified at 118 sites, with 90 being used for modeling and 28 for validation. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were created at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m resolutions using contour lines from two sources. The resulting DEMs were processed to generate 12 terrain variables. Total Fe, Ti, and SiO2 contents were obtained using pXRF, with MS determined via a magnetometer. Soil class prediction was performed using the RF algorithm. The quality of the soil maps improved when using only the five most important covariates and combining proximal sensor data with terrain variables at different spatial resolutions. The finest spatial resolution did not always provide the most accurate maps. The high soil complexity in the area prevented highly accurate predictions. The most important variables influencing the soil mapping were MS, Fe, and Ti. Proximal sensor data associated with terrain information were successfully used to map Brazilian soils at variable spatial resolutions.  相似文献   
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