筒式结构拆除的力学分析

根据力学原理，分析讨论了钢筋混凝土筒式结构定向倾倒的切口高度和切口角度．     

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

四川的云南松地径胸径相关关系及其应用研究

本文报道了四川的云南松树干在部三个不同部位直径(地表直径d0．00、0.05m高处直径d0.05、0.1Om高处直径d0.10)与胸径(d1．3)的相关关系，利用其编制了四川云南松地径一元材积表，并对其在四川云南松林区进行盗伐木、滥砍乱伐木材积估计和监测森林资源消耗量等方面的应用进行了探讨。四川云南松地径与胸径最佳关系模型为二次抛物线回归方程，相关系数r=0，999217～0．999380，剩余平方和Q=179．3391～226．4480，且d0.10与d1．3相关关系最为紧密。     

中国再生稻种植的影响因素及可持续性研究进展

再生稻作为一种特殊的水稻耕作模式,种一茬可收获两次,对增加粮食产量、保障国家粮食安全和提高稻田综合效益有重大意义。综述了中国再生稻的发展趋势,分析了再生稻种植的关键影响因子,阐释了再生稻高产栽培技术,提出在种好头季稻的前提下,适当高留桩,在头季稻齐穗后15d施用尿素150kg·hm^-2作为促芽肥,头季稻收割后3d施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2作为发苗肥,同时配施磷钾肥,可在保证土壤养分平衡的基础上使再生稻获得高产,最后讨论了当前存在的问题及今后发展的方向,认为未来的研究需重点关注再生稻产业化、土壤养分管理、高产栽培技术、稻米品质、温室气体和水体质量,以促进再生稻的发展并为国内同行的研究提供参考与借鉴。     

宁麦9号与扬麦158株高及其构成因素的遗传解析

宁麦9号与扬麦158是我国长江中下游麦区的主栽品种和骨干亲本,长江中下游麦区近3年来审定品种中80%都是其衍生后代,研究其性状的遗传具重要意义。以宁麦9号与扬麦158为亲本构建的包含282个家系的重组自交系群体为材料,利用Illumina 90k芯片对群体进行基因型分析,建立高密度遗传图谱。连续3个生长季对株高及节间长度、穗长等株高构成因素进行测定,结合遗传图谱对株高及相关性状进行QTL定位,获得14个控制株高及其构成因素的稳定表达位点。通过进一步位置比对,聚焦到6个染色体区段,初步明确了各节间对株高的遗传调控机制。同时,将6个染色体区段中同源性较低的连锁标记转化为适用于高通量筛选的KASP标记,利用101份区域试验材料进行标记效应验证,结果显示聚合Qph-2D与Qph-5A.1两个位点具有较高的选择效率,继续聚合Q2A后,中选材料显著减少,可能降低选择效率;对Q2A与Q5A两个一因多效位点的选择建议以降低株高的等位变异为主;Qd1-5D可作为穗下节间(D1)的选择标记对株高展开优化选择。期望以上结果能为长江中下游麦区的小麦株高遗传改良提供帮助。     

利用DH群体进行白菜株高和开展度的QTL定位分析

应用AFLP、SRAP、RAPD、SSR及同工酶等标记构建的326个标记位点的白菜遗传图谱和81个DH株系群体,采用M apQTL 5软件对白菜的株高和开展度进行QTL定位。结果表明：通过2年试验,在10个连锁群上共检测到27个QTL,主要分布在R 5、R 10连锁群上：其中控制株高的有11个,控制开展度的有16个;获得2年稳定表达的控制株高的QTL 1个,控制开展度的QTL 3个;各QTL加性效应各不相等,其遗传贡献率为13.3%-29.2%;控制株高和控制开展度的QTL位点表现为紧密连锁或相似的位置,主要集中在R 5连锁群上。     

不同放牧率对草甸植被特征的影响

通过对羊草+苔草草甸进行受控放牧实验,定量研究了草地植被结构对不同放牧率条件下的反应特征。结果表明:所有不同放牧小区的四种牧草牧前高度远远低于对照小区,而且留茬高度差异不大。各种牧草放牧后的高度受草地群落生物量和牧草本身适口性的影响,适口性越高,降低程度越大。在整个生长季内,羊草+苔草草甸群落地上部分生物量一直处于不断增加的状态,其中苔草和芦苇地上生物量于6月份达到峰值;羊草于7月份达到峰值;香茅在整个生长季内不断增加,于8月份达到最大值。各放牧小区群落生物量均明显低于对照小区。随着放牧率的提高,多样性指数先增高后降低,即适度放牧有利于多样性的维持。     

长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤养分和作物产量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施(T)和5种保护性耕作措施免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)对土壤有机质、速效养分以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过6 a不同耕作措施后,各处理土壤有机C、NO3-N以及速效P含量均有所提高,其中有机C含量比试验初期提高了4.92%~18.05%,NO3-N含量提高了17.98%~31.08%,速效P含量提高143.04%~212.87%。各处理土壤速效钾含量均有所下降,其中以NTS和TS降幅较小,仅为2.75%和6.26%。6 a间小麦和豌豆平均产量均以NTS最高(分别为2 030 kg·hm-2和1 381 kg·hm-2),而NT最低(1 608 kg·hm-2和1 060 kg·hm-2)。传统耕作秸秆还田能促进土壤耕层肥力的提高,但产量效应不明显;地膜覆盖有些年份增产效应明显,但不利于土壤肥力的持续提高。因此,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕秸秆覆盖既有利于作物产量的提高,也可以改善耕层土壤肥力。     

毛竹纯林和混交林竹笋-幼竹高生长差异分析

为摸清不同类型毛竹林竹笋-幼竹高生长差异,选择立地条件和经营水平一致的毛竹纯林、竹杉混交林和竹阔混交林,调查分析竹笋-幼竹高生长特征及其变化规律,拟合竹笋-幼竹高生长节律方程。结果表明：不同类型毛竹林对竹笋-幼竹高生长产生不同影响,尤以毛竹纯林经营对其影响明显,竹笋-幼竹高生长时间缩短,立竹相对高度增高;不同类型毛竹林竹笋-幼竹高度、日生长量随时间变化均呈“慢—快—慢”的变化节律,但竹笋-幼竹高度、日生长量毛竹纯林在高生长上升期、盛期的前期明显较竹杉、竹阔混交林大,在高生长盛期的中后期提前急剧下降,竹笋-幼竹高度毛竹纯林在高生长盛期时较竹杉、竹阔混交林大,而后2种类型毛竹林竹笋-幼竹高度、日生长量均接近;不同类型毛竹林竹笋-幼竹高生长节律均可用逻辑斯缔方程拟合。