Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

Food resources and cyprinid diet in permanent and temporary Mediterranean rivers with natural and regulated flow

This study addresses the differences in food availability, diet and feeding activity of the Iberian barbel, between permanent and temporary nonregulated rivers, and the effect of flow regulation on feeding parameters. A total of 267 adult barbels were seasonally collected in four nonregulated and regulated rivers from permanent and temporary basins, and their gut content was analysed. Locally available food sources were evaluated across sites and seasons. Barbels from the permanent nonregulated river exhibit a more variable and diversified diet in which invertebrates assumed a large importance, especially during high flows. Barbels from the temporary nonregulated river presented a more uniform diet composed of plant material and detritus, particularly in drought seasons. Flow regulation affected different flow components in both systems, but the effects on food resources and barbels' diet were similar, resulting in an intra‐annual stabilisation of resource availability and fish diet, with a higher consumption of plants and detritus. Changes in fish diet and feeding activity in both nonregulated and regulated rivers were strongly associated with the seasonal variability of streamflow components, particularly between low‐ and high‐flow periods, and with the reduction in flow variability in the case of dam regulation. Results from this study can be used to improve guidelines for flow requirement implementation.     

四川丘陵区农林系统和农草系统流域的径流和土壤水分特征

A study was conducted in a hilly area of Sichuan Province, Southwestern China, to compare the streamflow and soil moisture in two upland watersheds with different land use patterns. One was an agroforestry watershed, which consisted mainly of trees with alder (Alnus cremastogyne Burkill) and cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) planted in belts or strips with a coverage of about 46%, and the other was a grassland primarily composed of lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb.), filamentary clematis (Clematis filamentosa Dunn) and common eulaliopsis (Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb) with a coverage of about 44%. Streamflow measurement with a hydrograph established at the watershed outlet showed that the average annual streamflow per 100 mm rainfall from 1983 to 1992 was 0.36 and 1.08 L s^-1 km^-2 for the agroforestry watershed and the grass watershed, respectively. This showed that the streamflow of the agroforestry watershed was reduced by 67% when compared to that of the grass watershed. The peak average monthly streamflow in the agroforestry watershed was over 5 times lower than that of the grass watershed and lagged by one month. In addition, the peak streamflow during a typical rainfall event of 38.3 mm in August 1986 was 37% lower in the agroforestry watershed than in the grass watershed. Results of the moisture contents of the soil samples from 3 slope locations (upper, middle and lower slopes) indicated that the agroforestry watershed maintained generally higher soil moisture contents than the grass watershed within 0-20 and 20-80 cm soil depths for the upper slope, especially for the period from May through July. For the other (middle and lower) slopes, soil moisture contents within 20-80 cm depth in the agroforestry watershed was generally lower than those in the grass watershed, particularly in September, revealing that water consumption by trees took place mainly below the plow layer. Therefore, agroforestry land use types might offer a complimentary model for tree-annual crop water utilization.     

气候和土地利用变化对潮河流域产流产沙的影响

为探究气候变异和土地利用变化对流域产流产沙的影响,选择位于北京密云水库上游的潮河流域,对该流域1961-2009年的年径流、年降水、年潜在蒸散发和年输沙量分别进行了非参数检验和突变点分析,结合该流域不同时期的土地利用变化情况,采用水量平衡原理,定量评价该流域土地利用和气候变异对年径流量和年输沙量变化的贡献。结果表明:该流域年径流量在1961-2009年间呈显著减少趋势,并在1999年发生突变,但年降水和潜在蒸散发没有显著变化。该流域年输沙量显著减少,且于2004年发生突变。分析表明该流域气候变异和土地利用变化对年径流量减少的贡献率分别为43.9%和56.1%,而对年输沙量减少的贡献率分别为1.95%和98.05%。土地利用变化是导致该流域年径流量减少,特别是年产沙量减少的重要原因。在全球气候变化的大背景下,通过调整流域土地利用结构、优化土地利用方式,开展以植被恢复为主体的水土流失综合治理,是实现适应性流域管理目标的根本途径。     

潮河上游土地利用/覆被变化对年径流影响模拟

该文以北京潮河密云水库上游流域为研究对象,分析了1961—2000年期间降雨、径流以及土地利用和覆被变化情况,利用一个集总式的水文模型(IHACRES模型)模拟土地利用和覆被变化对年径流的影响。结果表明,40年来,潮河上游流域降雨--径流的演变过程可划分为3个阶段:1961—1978年(第一阶段)、1979—1993年(第二阶段)、1994—2000年(第三阶段)。相对第1阶段而言,第2和第3阶段流域降雨的产流能力总体上呈减少趋势。20世纪80年代末以来,流域内土地利用和覆被变化比较明显,主要变化趋势是林地面积持续增加,耕地、草地及未利用土地向林地的转换构成了土地覆被变化的主导过程,成为影响流域年径流的主要因子。第2阶段,耕地和林地的面积分别增长了7.47%和7.78%,流域内水库和塘坝等水利设施的修建及大规模利用也发生在这一阶段;第3阶段,土地利用和覆被变化主要表现为林地面积的大幅度增加(11.81%)。利用IHACRES模型模拟了第2和第3阶段的"基准年径流",通过对比实测年径流和基准年径流的差异,得出了土地利用和覆被变化减少了流域年径流的结论。其中第2阶段土地利用和覆被变化的影响程度为27.76%,第3阶段为26.15%。     

基于SWAT模型的南渡江流域土地利用/覆被变化的径流响应

为了探究热带岛屿性流域土地利用/覆被变化(Land Use/Cover Change,LUCC)的水文效应,以海南岛典型热带岛屿性流域南渡江流域为研究区,构建本地化SWAT模型,模拟流域水文过程及其对LUCC的响应,揭示流域径流的变化规律,对比不同土地利用类型的水文过程及调蓄能力,探讨了典型热带岛屿性流域LUCC的径流效应。结果表明:SWAT模型在南渡江流域的适用性良好,径流模拟对植被蒸散发、产生径流的坡面状况、土壤状况和地下水过程较敏感。不同土地利用类型对流域的产流贡献顺序为耕地>其他林地>橡胶林地; 耕地产流能力最强,其他林地和橡胶林地具有一定的截流蓄水作用。综上所述,与1990年相比,2015年南渡江流域河流径流量减少,流域LUCC导致的地表径流减少是河流径流量减少的直接原因,而蒸散发加剧是地表径流减少的主要原因。     

渭河流域气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响

以黄河最大的一级支流渭河为研究对象,根据渭河流域华县水文站1958--2011年径流资料,采用Mann—Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt非参数统计和双累积曲线法分析径流序列的变化趋势和突变点,同时采用水量平衡法定量分析气候变化和人类活动对径流量的影响。结果表明：1）华县水文站径流量呈显著下降趋势（标准正态统计变量〈-2．23）,年均递减系数为0．86mm／a;2）径流量自1994年呈显著性减少趋势,据此将径流序列划分为2个阶段,即基准期1958--1994年和变化期1995—2011年;3）变化期较基准期在枯水年、平水年和丰水年径流量分别下降64．6％、41．3％和45．5％,枯水年流量下降趋势最为明显;4）华县站以上控制区内降雨变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为49．0％和51．0％,气候变化对渭河径流量的影响主要是由降水量的减少引起的。     

乌兰木伦河1960-2015年水沙周期性分析

采用Mann-Kendall检验、Pettitt检验以及小波周期分析等方法对乌兰木伦河流域王道恒塔站1960—2015年的降水、径流和输沙过程进行了分析。结果表明:乌兰木伦河流域降水量变化趋势不显著（Z=1.19）,在2010年之后有增加趋势。Mann-Kendall检验结果表明年径流量（Z=-5.62）和年输沙量有显著减沙趋势（Z=-5.56）,采用Pettitt检验结果表明年径流量和年输沙量突变点均发生在1996年。相比60年代,2010年之后径流量从2.5亿m³减少到0.9亿m³,输沙量也从2 965.1万t减少到1.5万t。年降水量周期与年径流年输沙的周期不同步,仅在2～4 a和8～10 a时间尺度上具有周期性同步,而径流量和输沙量的周期有一定的同步性。研究表明,流域径流量和输沙量的短周期变化主要受降雨、太阳活动等自然因子调控,同时受到人类活动的影响,而更长周期的水沙变化特征则有赖于百年以上的水文序列。     

Response of hydrological drought to meteorological drought in the eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey

The hydrographic eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey is a drought sensitive area. The basin is an important agricultural area and it is necessary to determine the extent of extreme regional climatic changes as they occur in this basin. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to show the correlation between standardized precipitation index(SPI) and standardized streamflow index(SSI) values on different time scales. Data from five meteorological stations and seven stream gauging stations in four sub-basins of the eastern Mediterranean Basin were analyzed over the period from 1967 to 2017. The correlation between SSI and SPI indicated that in response to meteorological drought, hydrological drought experiences a one-year delay then occurs in the following year. This is more evident at all stations from the mid-1990 s. The main factor causing hydrological drought is prolonged low precipitation or the presence of a particularly dry year. Results showed that over a long period(12 months), hydrological drought is longer and more severe in the upper part than the lower part of the sub-basins. According to SPI-12 values, an uninterrupted drought period is observed from 2002–2003 to 2008–2009. Results indicated that among the drought events, moderate drought is the most common on all timescales in all sub-basins during the past 51 years. Long-term dry periods with moderate and severe droughts are observed for up to 10 years or more since the late 1990 s, especially in the upper part of the sub-basins. As precipitation increases in late autumn and early winter, the stream flow also increases and thus the highest and most positive correlation values(0.26–0.54) are found in January. Correlation values(ranging between –0.11 and –0.01) are weaker and negative in summer and autumn due to low rainfall. This is more evident at all stations in September. The relation between hydrological and meteorological droughts is more evident, with the correlation values above 0.50 on longer timescales(12-and 24-months). The results presented in this study allow an understanding of the characteristics of drought events and are instructive for overcoming drought. This will facilitate the development of strategies for the appropriate management of water resources in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, which has a high agricultural potential.     

1956-2017年黄河干流径流量时空变化新特征

河川径流是组成水资源的重要部分,同时也是区域水资源开发利用的基础。为了探究整个黄河流域径流量时空变化新特征,基于黄河干流9个主要控制水文站（唐乃亥、兰州、河口镇、龙门、潼关、花园口、高村、艾山和利津站）的实测径流量资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、Pettitt突变检验和距平累积等方法,研究了1956-2017年黄河干流径流量时空变化规律。结果表明:黄河上、中、下游年径流量整体呈逐年减少趋势,区间年径流量减少的倾向率分别为-20.16亿m³/10 a,-30.23亿m³/10 a,-16.98亿m³/10 a。上、中、下游年径流量发生突变的临界年份分别为1986年、1990年（1968年）、1976年（2002年和2010年）。黄河干流径流量大致经历了丰水期、平水期和枯水期3个阶段的变化。上游唐乃亥站的年均径流量无长期变化趋势,而其余水文站的年径流量均呈现显著下降趋势,下降幅度基本沿程增加。年径流量临界年份除了唐乃亥站,其余站点主要集中在1985年、1990年。黄河干流9个主要控制站不同年代平均径流量沿程分布特征基本一致,表现为先增加至花园口站达到最大值随后下降趋势,且代际间表现为逐阶段波动下降趋势。