大樱桃贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

大樱桃营养丰富,色泽鲜艳,口感香甜,具有补中益气、祛风湿等功效,非常受市场欢迎。但由于大樱桃采摘后易软化腐败,不易保存,因此需要加强大樱桃保鲜研究。本文介绍了大樱桃采前因素对贮藏品质的影响及控制措施,并总结了大樱桃低温保鲜、气调保鲜、涂膜保鲜、减压保鲜、辐照保鲜及保鲜剂处理等保鲜技术的研究进展,以期促进大樱桃保鲜技术的发展,减少腐损率,提高经济效益。     

基于Copula 函数的边坡可靠度高效分析方法

将Copula函数与高效蒙特卡洛方法结合,提出了含相关随机变量的边坡可靠度高效分析方法。以两个岩质边坡稳定性问题为例验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法相比于直接蒙特卡洛方法在保证边坡失效概率的准确性的同时计算效率更高。Copula函数可以构造出具有不同相关结构的岩土体参数的联合概率分布,与高效蒙特卡洛方法(即蒙特卡洛重要抽样方法和子集模拟)结合能高效地处理含多种相关随机变量的边坡可靠度计算问题,相比于现行的Nataf变换方法结果更能体现岩土边坡真实稳定性。此外,该方法也能高效地计算含有复杂的隐式功能函数的边坡可靠度,研究成果拓展了高效蒙特卡洛方法在边坡可靠度分析中的应用。     

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.     

乡土物种补播对青藏高原高寒草甸群落稳定性的影响

为了探究高寒草甸天然草地补播乡土物种对草地群落稳定性的影响，本试验以垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）、异针茅（Stipa aliena）、中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）、溚草（Koeleria cristata）、星星草（Puccinellia tenuiflora）、扁蓿豆（Melissitus rutenica）、冷地早熟禾（Poa crymophila）为试验材料，设置5种混播组合，于2017年在青海省贵南县天然草地上进行补播。试验采用方差比率法（Variance ratio，VR）、M.Godron贡献定率法（Contribution law）以及生物量稳定性分析方法，结果表明：5种组合补播后使得群落联结性降低、生物量稳定性增大，群落整体稳定性增强，正向着稳定方向发展；5种组合中，组合D （扁蓿豆+星星草+垂穗披碱草+异针茅+溚草）的生物量稳定性最大，是对草地恢复最有效的物种组合。本试验筛选出了对草地生态修复最有效的物种组合，为草地保护及利用提供了科学依据。     

Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

安康市核桃果实害虫种类调查研究

采用生长期定点定株定期果实害虫调查和贮藏期室内常温贮藏观测法,对安康市核桃果实害虫种类进行了调查。结果为安康市核桃果实生长期害虫有13种,隶属5目11科;核桃果实贮藏期害虫有3种,隶属2目3科;核桃生长期危害较大的果实害虫主要是核桃举肢蛾、核桃长足象、双鬃尖尾蝇和桃蛀螟;贮藏期危害较大的果实害虫是印度谷螟;首次发现并记录了角斑古毒蛾幼虫为害核桃幼果。     

不同贮藏方式对鲜食核桃品质的影响

为研究不同贮藏方式对鲜食核桃在贮藏过程中品质的影响，以“清香”核桃鲜果为试材，分别采用青果贮藏（(0±1) ℃、相对湿度70%～80%）、去青皮的湿果贮藏（(-7±1) ℃、相对湿度70%～80%）及湿果真空贮藏（(-7±1) ℃、相对湿度70%～80%）3种方式贮藏，每15 d对其品质指标进行观察测定。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长，所有贮藏方式处理的鲜食核桃的感官品质和营养成分均呈一定的下降趋势。其中，青果贮藏能较好地保持核仁的含水量，维持粗脂肪、蛋白质及可溶性糖含量的稳定性，贮藏后种皮色泽较好，核仁容易剥皮、风味较好，但果壳容易产生霉变；湿果贮藏和湿果真空贮藏可以减轻鲜核桃的霉变，延长了鲜核桃贮藏期，但随着贮藏时间的延长，湿果贮藏核仁水分散失较快，粗脂肪、蛋白质及可溶性糖含量变化较大，使得种皮色泽降低，核仁剥皮困难、风味下降。     

1-MCP和壳聚糖处理保持红枣贮藏品质及其机理研究

以新疆灰枣为试材，研究纸片型1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene，1-MCP）与壳聚糖（chitosan，COS）处理在（0±1）℃条件下对灰枣品质及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：至贮藏90 d时，与对照（CK）相比，1-MCP＋COS的腐烂率、失质量率分别降低53.4%、51.2%，可溶性固形物（total soluble solid, TSS）含量高出18.6%。抗氧化酶系统中的超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）峰值水平提高58.2%，过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）峰值高出34.8%；贮藏结束时过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）活性是CK的1.98倍，抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase, APX）活性高出51.7%，差异显著（P＜0.05）。1-MCP、COS及1-MCP+COS处理均可不同程度地降低果实腐烂率、失质量率，保持较高的果实硬度和TSS含量，推迟呼吸高峰和乙烯释放速率高峰的到来并抑制丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）的积累，抑制脂氧合酶（lipoxygenase, LOX）和多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）活性，显著提高抗氧化酶系统活性。其中1.50 μL/L纸片型1-MCP与1% COS复合处理对保持果实贮藏品质、延缓果实衰老、延长货架期最有利。     

立体绿化集成技术配套产品开发利用研究进展

当前立体绿化在国内多个大中城市中得到了蓬勃发展,促进了相关配套产品的研发和推广应用,同时新型的配套产品又推动了立体绿化的快速发展。本文对华南地区立体绿化基质产品、蓄水种植容器、植被毯、绿墙、生态植被砖等相关配套产品的研发及应用情况展开综述,旨在为今后能更有效地推广立体绿化集成技术及相关产品提供参考。     

我国土窖贮藏保鲜产业现状与发展对策

概述了我国土窖的贮藏方式、技术设备等发展现状，剖析了土窖贮藏过程中存在的问题，并初步分析和探讨了今后的发展趋势与对策，为窖藏发展提供决策依据。