瓶式平板培养制备稻曲病菌薄壁分生孢子

利用三角瓶装纳马铃薯琼脂培养基制备稻曲病菌薄壁分生孢子。结果发现,瓶装培养基的体积与产孢量无关。各菌株在瓶式培养平板上均能正常形成后代孢子。瓶式培养比常规培养皿平板培养具有更高的产孢效率。产孢平板上产生的孢子收取后,菌落继续培养,新形成的孢子数量大幅下降。由于三角瓶能高效避免污染,因而认为瓶式培养是制备稻曲病菌薄壁分生孢子的理想技术。     

稻粒黑粉菌冬孢子萌发影响因素及其产孢培养基的筛选

稻粒黑粉病是由担子菌亚门齿黑粉菌属的稻粒黑粉菌引起的.试验设置不同的温度、湿度、光照时间、pH值等培养参数,观察这些不同的参数对稻粒黑粉菌冬孢子萌发的影响.结果表明,冬孢子在充分吸水、温度24～28℃、光照与黑暗间隔培养12 h、pH值为7左右的条件下,最适宜冬孢子萌发.试验还观察并描述了稻粒黑粉菌冬孢子的形态特征和萌发过程.此外,为了建立稻粒黑粉病人工接种体系及研究稻粒黑粉菌与水稻之间的互作,需要筛选到能够产生稻粒黑粉病的接种体--次生小孢子的培养基.试验还研究了麸皮培养基等7种液体培养基的产孢效果,结果发现麸皮培养基最适合稻粒黑粉菌产生次生小孢子.     

蛀虫蜡蚧菌的产孢条件优化

蛀虫蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium cauligalbarum是蜡蚧菌属中最近报道的新种，目前对其研究尚属空白。为寻求易于生长的培养基成分，本文通过单因素筛选最佳碳源、氮源、生长因子并进行正交试验优化。筛选的产孢条件（m/v）为：可溶性淀粉1%，酵母粉3%，蚕蛹粉1.5%，基础培养基（氯化钾0.05%，磷酸氢二钾0.1%，七水硫酸镁0.05%，七水硫酸亚铁0.001%），琼脂1.5%，蒸馏水1000 mL，25℃。优化培养基产孢量是PDA的4.5倍，是沙氏培养基的15.6倍。结果还显示该菌的产孢量受氮源影响较大，并对无机氮利用较低。这些结果将为蛀虫蜡蚧菌的后续研究提供基础资料。     

New insights into radiata pine seedling root infection by Fusarium circinatum

Pine root infection by Fusarium circinatum has been reported in the literature, but the underlying pathogenic interaction is poorly understood. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged F. circinatum isolate, together with confocal microscopy, was used in order to monitor the events associated with root infection of Pinus radiata seedlings. It was found that in order to reach and successfully infect pine roots, F. circinatum employed features that are similar to those previously described for other root‐infecting pathogens, such as mycelial strands, single runner hyphae and simple hyphopodia as well as other features that are reminiscent of those that are known to be involved in biotrophic invasion, such as bulbous invasive hyphae and filamentous invasive hyphae. Abundant sporulation was observed at the root surface as well as inside tracheids both in roots and in the root collar region. The fungus can spread from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant, and once there, colonization appears to be similar to the process that occurs when the pathogen is inoculated in the stem. Wilting symptoms and plant demise may be the result of a reduction in water uptake by roots and of the blockage of the vascular system by fungal hyphae and resin.     

加利利链霉菌AF1产孢条件的优化

【目的】筛选加利利链霉菌(Streptommyces galilaeus)AF1菌株孢子的最佳培养条件。【方法】利用固体发酵法,首先采用单因素试验对培养加利利链霉菌(Streptommyces galilaeus)AF1菌株的固体产孢基质大米、玉米粉、木薯渣、黄豆粉、麸皮、麦片进行筛选,然后研究培养时间、温度、料液比、接种量、外加碳源、外加氮源对加利利链霉菌AF1产孢量的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验对AF1菌株的产孢条件进行优化。【结果】筛选的最佳固体产孢基质为大米。优化得到的最佳培养条件为培养温度28℃,培养时间6d,接种量10%(每20g大米接种2mL孢子悬液),初始料(g)液(mL)比为1∶1,葡萄糖添加量1.5%(质量分数),蛋白胨添加量1.5%(质量分数)。在最佳培养条件下,加利利链霉菌AF1产孢数可达3.87×109 g-1,比优化前提高了29%。【结论】在优化培养条件下得到的加利利链霉菌AF1产孢水平高,能适应大规模培养接种体的要求。     

温度、湿度和光照对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌(Glomerella cingulata)产孢的影响

苹果炭疽叶枯病(Glomerella cingulata)是我国苹果上新发现的一种病害,为了了解病原菌的产孢条件和产孢动态,为病害的预测预报与防控提供依据。本研究在人工控制条件下,测试了温度、湿度和光照对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌产生分生孢子和子囊孢子的影响。结果表明,苹果炭疽叶枯病新形成的病叶润湿后,在15℃~30℃下保湿培养2~6 d后可产生大量橘黄色的分生孢子堆,其中30℃下产孢量最大,产孢速度最快,仅需2 d时间。炭疽叶枯病菌在新形成的病叶上于15℃~30℃下培养20~30 d可形成子囊孢子,最适温度为25℃,子囊孢子的形成需要高湿环境或叶片润湿。炭疽叶枯病菌的单孢分离菌株于15℃~25℃下,在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上培养20~30 d也可形成子囊孢子,最适产孢温度25℃。紫外光、黑光和日光都能促进子囊孢子的形成。     

Potential of Eurasian poplar rust to overcome a major quantitative resistance factor

The effect of R_US, a major quantitative resistance (QR) factor inherited from Populus trichocarpa, was assessed in two Populus deltoides × P. trichocarpa F₁ progenies against eight isolates of Melampsora larici‐populina, the causal agent of Eurasian poplar rust. Six isolates were identified on which R_US had no significant effect. The first R_US‐defeating isolate identified suggested a pre‐existing potential to overcome R_US in the pathogen’s populations. The P. deltoides genetic background made no difference either to the ability of a given isolate to overcome R_US or to the relative and absolute aggressiveness of the isolates. This study illustrates how extreme the isolate‐specificity of QR can be. It also yields insights into the relationship between size of uredinia and sporulation rate, discussing the epidemiological significance of spore production per mm² uredinium.     

Effect of host factors on the susceptibility of Rhododendron to Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death (SOD) in western coastal forests of the USA. In Europe, the pathogen is mainly present in the nursery industry, particularly on Rhododendron. Because of the primary role of Rhododendron as a host and potentially as a vector, the effect of Rhododendron host factors on P. ramorum susceptibility and sporulation was investigated. Inoculation methods using either wounded or non‐wounded detached leaves were applied to 59 Rhododendron cultivars and 22 botanical species, replicated in three separate years. All Rhododendron species and cultivars were susceptible when using wounded leaves, but not when using non‐wounded leaves, suggesting a resistance mechanism operating at the level of leaf penetration. Using a regression tree analysis, the cultivars and species were split into four susceptibility classes. Young leaves were more susceptible than mature leaves when wounded, but less susceptible when non‐wounded. This effect was not correlated with leaf hydrophobicity or the number of leaf hairs. The presence or the type of rootstock did not affect the cultivar susceptibility level. Sporangia and chlamydospore production in the leaf lesions varied widely among Rhododendron cultivars and was not correlated with the susceptibility level. The susceptibility to P. ramorum correlated well with the susceptibility to P. citricola and P. hedraiandra × cactorum, suggesting that the resistance mechanisms against these species are non‐specific. Susceptibility to P. kernoviae was low for most cultivars. These findings have implications for detection, spread and disease control, and are therefore important in pest risk assessment.     

番茄叶霉病重要流行环节初步研究Ⅱ.病斑产孢、孢子飞散

对番茄叶霉病病斑产孢规律的研究表明:在保湿24h内,随着保湿时间的延长,病斑相对产孢量也随之增加;黑暗条件有利于病斑产孢;病斑产孢适宜温度为10～28℃。其中,在23℃时产孢量最大,4℃和35℃时病斑几乎不产孢;在80%～100%的相对湿度范围内病斑均可产孢,病斑产孢量随湿度的增加而增大;另外,病斑相对产孢量随氮肥使用量的增加而增加,却随着磷钾肥使用量的增加而减少;6～9龄的病斑产孢能力最强。叶霉病菌分生孢子主要在夜间飞散;在番茄植株株高30～100cm范围内,60cm株高处分生孢子数量最多。     

UV-B辐射增强对小麦条锈病影响的初步探讨

在温室条件下用铭贤169、吨半麦、咸农4号3个小麦品种,研究了接种条锈菌条中32号小种前后UV-B辐射增强对小麦条锈病的影响。结果表明,接种前对小麦照射UV-B增强了品种铭贤169和吨半麦的病情指数,但对咸农4号的病情指数没有影响。接种后照射UV-B对品种咸农4号、铭贤169和吨半麦的病情指数均无显著影响,但却减少了条锈菌在品种铭贤169和吨半麦上的产孢期与产孢量。