浅析我国南方冬闲田种植一年生黑麦草的应用研究

针对我国南方地区冬闲田数量多、利用率低的现象,充分利用冬闲田种草养畜,不仅可以解决牲畜季节性青绿粗饲料缺乏问题,还能促进农民增收和农业可持续发展。一年生黑麦草由于适生范围广,鲜草产量高,营养丰富且柔嫩多汁,适口性好,家畜家禽喜欢采食,深受农户青睐,成为一种极具发展前途的越年生优质牧草,近年来在畜牧业生产中得到广泛应用。本文从一年生黑麦草生物性状、营养特性、冬闲田的丰产栽培技术、青贮技术以及在各类畜禽的饲喂研究角度进行综述,并指出今后的研究重点和方向。旨在为一年生黑麦草在畜牧业中的进一步推广应用提供参考。     

丘陵山地用小型自走式青贮机的设计思考

玉米是世界三大主要粮食作物之一，收获是玉米生产的重要环节。设计一款适合偏远山区、丘陵地区等路况复杂、地块小且不规则地使用的青贮机有很好的应用价值。本文通过对设计内容的研究与分析，得出设计流程，为物理样机提供理论依据。     

大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓的设计

本研究针对大农户玉米穗储藏的实际情况，研制了大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓，并对其进行了装粮试验。结果表明：该型储粮仓机械性能稳定，结构组装方便，降水、防霉、防鼠效果显著，可有效降低粮食产后损失，保证粮食品质。 [关键词] 粮仓|玉米穗|机械通风     

基于WOFOST模型的辽宁省春玉米干旱灾损风险评估

利用锦州农业气象试验站的作物生长发育和土壤实测数据对WOFOST模型水分胁迫模块进行了调参，适用性验证表明，WOFOST模型适用于辽宁省春玉米生长发育和产量的模拟，辽宁省春玉米受干旱的影响可以利用WOFOST模型较敏感地反映出来。利用调参后的WOFOST模型模拟了全生育期及出苗~拔节、拔节~抽雄、抽雄~乳熟和乳熟~成熟各阶段发生轻、中、重旱情景对辽宁省春玉米产量的影响，并根据模拟结果确定了不同干旱风险等级下辽宁省东、中、西部玉米生产的灾损范围。结果表明：不同生育期发生干旱对产量的影响不同，总体上，抽雄~乳熟期发生干旱的影响最大，其次是拔节~抽雄期，而出苗~拔节期和乳熟~成熟期发生干旱对产量的影响较小，全省春玉米在抽雄~乳熟期发生重旱的减产风险达30%~70%；在相同干旱水平下，不同区域受影响程度也不同，在全生育期及各生育阶段发生轻、中、重旱情景下，干旱导致的减产率总体上表现为由东部向西部地区逐渐加重的趋势，在全生育期重旱情景下，辽宁省东部的春玉米减产率为40%~75%，中部为60%~90%，西部达65%~95%。     

球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟取食行为的影响

为明确球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食行为及取食选择性的影响，本文通过室内控制试验，采用培养皿叶盘法，研究了共生体对亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫的选择、非选择性取食的影响。结果表明，在48 h非选择性试验中，亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫在球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体叶片组织（处理组）上的取食率显著低于未接种球孢白僵菌玉米叶片（对照组），第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为35.7%和62.5%，差异极显著；3龄幼虫在共生体茎秆组织上的取食率与对照组玉米差异不显著。在48 h选择性试验中，初孵幼虫在共生体玉米叶片组织上的取食率显著低于对照组，共生体玉米叶片组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈下降趋势，第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为6.3%和20.6%，差异极显著；3龄幼虫在共生体和对照组玉米茎秆组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈上升趋势，其中对照组幼虫取食率显著高于处理组，第48 h时在处理组和对照组玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为33.1%和45.6%，差异极显著。本研究初步表明，球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的取食行为有显著的抑制和忌避作用。     

基于卷积神经网络的玉米病害识别方法研究

为解决传统的玉米病害识别方法中特征提取主观性强及误识率高的问题,提出利用卷积神经网络对玉米病害进行识别。以玉米病害图像和健康图像共5种类别的玉米图像为研究对象,并采用LeNet模型进行试验。首先,按照8∶2的比例为每种玉米病害图像选择训练集和测试集。然后,通过试验组合和对比分析的方法比较不同卷积神经网络结构设置对准确率的影响,选出最佳参数。另外,选用Adam算法代替SGD算法来优化模型,通过指数衰减法调整学习率,将L2正则项添加到交叉熵函数中,并选择Dropout策略和ReLU激励函数。最后,确定了一个10层CNN网络结构。试验结果显示,玉米花叶病、灰斑病、锈病、叶斑病和玉米健康识别率分别为95.83%、90.57%、100%、93.75%、100%,平均识别率达96%,平均计算时间为0.15 s。经试验结果比较,该模型识别效果明显高于传统方法,为玉米病害的防治提供技术支持。     

生物炭对混施沼肥秸秆还田腐解特性的影响

为提高秸秆与沼肥同步翻埋还田的腐解效果,在室温条件下,秸秆中混施沼肥,采用网袋法模拟翻埋还田,在105 d的试验周期内,探讨在土壤中配施生物炭对秸秆与沼肥同步翻埋还田腐解的影响规律。结果表明,在土壤中配施生物炭能显著提高秸秆各指标的降解速度,且不同土壤之间玉米秸秆的降解率表现为砂土组大于壤土组,添加生物炭组大于未添加生物炭组,试验结束时,壤土组、壤土+生物炭组、砂土组、砂土+生物炭组的降解率分别为69.96%、74.63%、78.19%和79.14%;腐解前49 d为秸秆各组分的快速腐解期,后期腐解速率逐渐变慢;秸秆的降解率与纤维素降解率具有显著的相关性,添加生物炭对木质素的降解具有显著的促进作用,且木质素的降解与有机碳的降解呈正相关性。     

Characterization of field‐evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis‐derived Cry1F δ‐endotoxin in Spodoptera frugiperda populations from Argentina

BACKGROUND

Transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) event TC1507 (Herculex^® I insect protection), expressing Cry1F δ‐endotoxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai, was commercialized in 2003 in the Americas. Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) susceptibility to Cry1F was monitored annually across several regions in Argentina using diagnostic concentration bioassays. Reduced performance of TC1507 maize against S. frugiperda was reported in 2013. A resistant population was established in the laboratory and the dominance of Cry1F resistance was characterized.

RESULTS

During 2012–2015, high‐survivorship of several populations was observed in the resistance monitoring program. Reciprocal crosses of a Cry1F‐resistant population with a Cry1F‐susceptible population were evaluated to calculate effective dominance (D_ML) based on mortality levels observed at 100 µg/ml Cry1F. Two additional dominance levels (D_LC and D_EC) were calculated using lethal (LC₅₀) or effective concentration (EC₅₀) derived from concentration–response bioassays. Estimates indicated that Cry1F resistance in S. frugiperda in Argentina was either highly recessive (D_ML = 0.005) or incompletely recessive (D_LC < 0.26 and D_EC < 0.19).

CONCLUSION

This study is the first documented confirmation and characterization of S. frugiperda Cry1F field‐evolved resistance in Argentina. The resistance to Cry1F in S. frugiperda populations collected in Argentina, is autosomal and incompletely recessive similar to the resistance reported in Brazil. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley © Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.     

不同水平的青贮饲料对饲喂稻草秸秆奶牛瘤胃微生物数量和微生物蛋白合成的影响

本试验的目的是确定饲粮中青贮银合欢添加水平对奶牛瘤胃微生物种群、氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择12头初始体重为163±16 kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛,随机分为4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。基础日粮以100%的水稻秸秆为原料,处理组分别用30%、60%和100%的青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆,奶牛自由采食水稻秸秆和青贮银合欢,每天按照体重的0.2%补充浓缩料。结果表明,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆组奶牛瘤胃微生物群,尤其是纤维素分解菌、蛋白分解菌和厌氧真菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),各组对淀粉分解菌群无显著影响(P>0.05)。原生动物种群数量随日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的增加呈线性下降(P<0.05)(P<0.05)。此外,氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成均随着日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的升高而升高(P<0.05),其中以60%青贮银合欢组最高。结论:在本试验基础上,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆可以显著提高奶牛体内的微生物数量和微生物蛋白的合成。