数值模型结构不确定性对模拟结果的影响分析

以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,基于GMS中的MODFLOW模块构建了地下水流数值模拟模型,分析了模型结构(含水层厚度、参数分区)与模型参数不确定性因素对模拟结果的影响.研究结果表明:含水层不确定情景(含水层下边界概化为隔水底板平均值870 m)与实际情况水头差值绝对值的累计和最大为701 m,对模拟结果起了主控作用;当含水层下边界概化为910,940 m时,累计和分别增加为1 013,1 593 m;与仅考虑单个不确定性因素相比,同时考虑模型参数与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为738 m,同时考虑参数分区与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为791 m.因此,在构建地下水流数值模拟模型时,应优先考虑含水层空间结构概化的合理程度,同时考虑多个不确定性因素对模拟结果的综合影响,使地下水数值模拟模型能更精确地反映真实的地下水流状况.     

岩溶流域典型农业区水体氢氧同位素的空间异质性及形成机制

分别于平水期和枯水期采集了花溪河流域典型农业区地表水和地下水样品。利用氢氧同位素示踪技术,结合土地利用类型对研究区不同水体的补给来源、季节变化及主要影响过程进行了分析,并对不同水体氢氧同位素值进行了空间插值分析,同时对其形成机制进行了分析,阐明了不同土地利用类型影响下的主要水文过程。结果表明:(1)研究区不同水体的主要补给来源为当地大气降水,月亮湖水库受蒸发作用影响明显,地表水和地下水的δD和δ~(18)O整体上呈现平水期高于枯水期的特征。(2)地下水的δD和δ~(18)O在枯水期与平水期均呈现明显的空间分异性特征,西部水田/水库集中区富集,东部旱地集中区贫化,土地利用对研究区环境水文过程影响明显。该研究结果有助于了解不同土地利用方式下地表水对地下水的影响,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

不同地下水位下渠基冻胀规律与保温板适宜厚度确定

为探明河套灌区不同地下水位条件下渠基冻胀的差异,了解地下水位变化对渠基土壤水分迁移和力学性能的影响,该文通过建立不同地下水位冻胀试验平台并结合原型渠道,分析了不同地下水位对铺设不同厚度聚苯板的基土冻胀的影响,阐述了冻胀率和截面弯矩沿渠坡的分布规律,提出了不同地下水位下聚苯板适宜铺设厚度的理论计算公式。试验得出,每降低1 cm地下水位,基土冻胀量减小0.15 cm。当地下水位降低0.5~1.0 m后,削减冻胀率为71%~83.8%。地下水位下降有效阻止或延缓了土壤毛细水的上升,降低了0~30 cm土层的土壤水分,有效阻止了冻结锋面水分的迁移,减小了土体中冰夹层的形成,从而降低了土体的冻胀变形。并且,渠道的冻胀破坏部位随着地下水位的不同而发生变化。该研究可为北方季节性冻土区骨干渠道保温防冻胀技术研究提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

科尔沁草甸湿地土壤碳氮剖面分布及生长季动态特征

采用定位观测的试验方法,于2016年5-10月及2017年8月对科尔沁草甸湿地0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮剖面分布及生长季动态特征进行了实验分析,旨在为科尔沁草甸湿地保护提供科学指导并为干旱半干旱地区湿地土壤碳氮储量估算提供借鉴。结果表明:1)科尔沁草甸湿地土壤有机碳、全氮含量整体随土层深度下降,0~20 cm土层间下降显著,20 cm以下趋于相对稳定,范围分别为11.9~23.5 g·kg^-1和0.66~1.50 g·kg^-1。2)各土层土壤碳氮含量月间差异显著(全氮40~60 cm土层除外),变化幅度随土层深度先减小后增大;土壤碳氮密度(100 cm)生长季变化大于年际变化,有机碳密度全生长季呈上升趋势,范围为15.44~20.82 kg·m^-2,全氮密度生长初期明显下降,之后趋于相对稳定,范围为1.01~1.16 kg·m^-2。3)土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈极显著正相关;植被和水文是影响其分布、变化的关键因子。科尔沁草甸湿地生长季土壤有机碳、全氮密度变化较大,且表现为潜在的碳汇和氮源,但年际间碳汇潜力未充分发挥,本研究建议禁牧力度应加大并增加氮肥投入以提高科尔沁草甸湿地生态系统功能。     

华北平原地下水压采区冬小麦种植综合效应探讨

华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植模式为维护国家粮食安全发挥了重要作用。但冬小麦生长期正处于华北平原降水较少的干旱季节,实现高产依赖于灌溉,是华北平原地下水超采的主导因素之一。随着国家地下水限采政策的实施,在地下水超采区如何稳定冬小麦的种植面积和产量是面临的一个重要问题。本文通过综述以往研究并结合典型地点田间试验结果,从冬小麦种植可减少休闲期土壤蒸发损失、具有的深根系系统可充分利用土壤储水、可利用微咸水替代淡水灌溉、通过限水灌溉发展优质麦生产、冬春形成覆盖层美化和防沙尘效应等方面论述了华北平原种植冬小麦的优势,提出华北平原冬小麦生产需要转变传统高耗水高产量理念,充分发挥冬小麦抗旱、耐盐能力强的特点,在不实施大规模压缩冬小麦种植面积条件下,通过冬小麦限水灌溉和微咸水利用满足对地下水压采需求,充分发挥华北平原冬小麦种植冬春防风沙、美化环境的生态功能,同时满足区域口粮安全的保障功能。     

不同地下水埋深土壤水分入渗规律研究

【目的】分析农田土水势的分布对作物的生长状况和农田水分循环的影响。【方法】采用观测室内层状长土柱(土柱长L=335 cm)在上边界条件为薄层积水、下边界控制不同地下水埋深时的水分入渗及蒸发过程的试验,分析了不同地下水埋深时土水势与零通量面的变化特征。【结果】入渗率随时间总的变化趋势是减小,入渗率随时间的变化一般经历3个阶段:迅速减小、缓慢减小和稳定阶段;累积入渗量随时间增加,与时间呈幂拟合关系;入渗初始阶段湿润锋运移速率较快,之后随着时间的推移,湿润锋运移速率逐渐减小,至某一时间后趋于稳定。【结论】湿润锋运移距离与时间的平方根呈线性关系     

长期秸秆还田和地下水位对土壤镉积累及有效性的影响

以1982年开始的长期定位试验为对象,研究了2个地下水位(高水位-20 cm和低水位-80 cm)下3种施肥方式(高量秸秆还田HS、常量秸秆还田MS、化肥CF)对水稻土镉积累及有效性的影响。结果表明:高水位条件下,长期秸秆还田可增加土壤总镉及有效态镉含量,HS和MS处理分别较CF处理提高21.8%、59.9%和9.8%、49.2%。低水位条件下,HS处理土壤总镉及有效态镉含量高于CF处理,较CF处理分别提高11.2%和31.6%; MS处理土壤总镉及有效态镉含量低于CF处理,较CF处理分别下降8.8%和14.3%。2012年,在保证原定位试验有足够重复的前提下,变更高水位条件下的部分试验处理。当HS处理变更为CF处理5 a后,土壤总镉和有效态镉含量分别较变更前下降2.5%和5.7%;CF处理变更为MS处理后,土壤总镉和有效态镉含量分别较变更前增加16.5%和58.9%。相同施肥处理,高水位土壤总镉含量高于低水位土壤。在MS处理下,高水位土壤有效态镉含量也高于低水位土壤,而在HS和CF处理下,低水位土壤有效态镉含量高于高水位土壤。土壤镉含量和土壤基本理化性质的相关分析表明,土壤总镉与土壤有机质、络合态铁含量极显著正相关,与pH显著负相关;土壤有效态镉与土壤pH、游离氧化铁极显著负相关。研究表明,施肥方式和地下水位是通过改变土壤的基本性质影响土壤镉的积累及其有效形态。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

克里雅绿洲浅层地下水与土壤特征的局部空间关系

通过优选的空间插值方法、网格单元法、地理加权回归(GWR)与最小二乘法(OLS)等方法的综合运用,系统研究典型干旱区绿洲的浅层地下水特征(埋深、电导率)与表层土壤特征(含水率、电导率)的空间分异与局部空间关系。结果表明:空间拟合方法上,表层土壤电导率与含水率的空间关系回归适用OLS模型,其余指标间空间关系采用GWR模型更优;空间关系上,土壤电导率与含水率的全局相关系数为极显著的0.85,局部相关性上绿洲西部明显高于东部;土壤电导率与地下水电导率的全局相关系数极显著(R=0.602),但局部相关性上同时具有正相关与负相关特征;土壤含水率与埋深、地下水电导率与埋深均呈全局负相关,但在局部出现正相关;地下水埋深由绿洲西北至东南逐渐增加,地下水电导率由西南至东北依次呈现低—高—低的特征,表层土壤电导率与含水率由西至东均呈现低—高—低—次高的特征; GWR较OLS方法能够反映更多的空间异质特征,通常在总体相关水平下,局部可能出现相关性相反或大小不同的相关性。     

Effects of salinity on growth characteristics and osmoregulation of juvenile cobia,Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus 1766), reared in potassium‐amended inland saline groundwater

The suitability of inland saline groundwater as a medium to culture juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, was assessed. In the first experiment, juvenile cobia stocked in raw (unamended) saline groundwater at salinities of 5, 10, and 15 g/L exhibited complete mortality after 108, 176, and 195 hr, respectively. The second experiment evaluated the rearing of juvenile cobia (mean weight ~9.23 ± 0.12 g) in potassium (K⁺)‐amended saline groundwater (100% K⁺ fortified) and reconstituted seawater at salinities of 5, 10, and 15 g/L to assess growth and osmoregulation in distinct culture media. Following 60 days of culture, all fish survived the experimental period. Final mean bodyweight of cobia reared in K⁺‐amended saline groundwater (103.2–115.8 g) and seawater (111.2–113.8 g) of different salinities did not vary significantly (p > .05). No differences (p > .05) were observed in specific growth rate, weight gain (%), and feed conversion ratio between treatment groups. Serum osmolality increased with salinity and was significantly higher (p < .05) for fish in K⁺‐amended saline groundwater (353–361 mOsmol/Kg) than in reconstituted seawater (319–332 mOsmol/Kg), although differences were not observed between salinities by water type. Cobia stocked in saline groundwater of different salinities were osmoregulating normally, and the higher values observed may be because of variations in ionic composition and other interfering ions in saline groundwater. Trial results suggest that juvenile cobia can achieve optimal growth in K⁺‐amended saline groundwater of low and intermediate salinities.