Evaluation of optical sensor measurements of canopy reflectance and of leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents to assess crop nitrogen status of muskmelon

Nitrogen losses from intensive vegetal production systems are commonly associated with contamination of water bodies. Sustainable and optimal economic N management requires correct and timely on-farm assessment of crop N status to detect N deficiency or excess. Optical sensors are promising tools for the assessment of crop N status throughout a crop or at critical times. We evaluated optical sensor measurement of canopy reflectance and of leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents to assess crop N status weekly throughout a muskmelon crop. The Crop Circle ACS 470 was used for reflectance measurement, the SPAD 502 for leaf chlorophyll, and the DUALEX 4 Scientific for leaf chlorophyll and flavonols. Four indices of canopy reflectance (NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, GVI), leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents and the nitrogen balance index (NBI), the ratio of chlorophyll to flavonols contents, were linearly related to crop N content and to crop Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) throughout most of the crop. NBI most accurately predicted crop N status; in five consecutive weekly measurements, R² values were 0.80–0.95. For NDVI during the same period, R² values were 0.76–0.87 in the first three measurements but R² values in the last two measurements were 0.39–0.45. Similar relationships were found with the three other reflectance indices. Generally, the relationships with NNI were equal to or slightly better than those with crop N content. These optical sensor measurements provided (i) estimation of crop N content in the range 1.5–4.5%, and (ii) an assessment of whether crop N content was sufficient or excessive for optimal crop growth for NNI ranges of 0.8–2.0. Composite equations that integrated the relationships between successive measurements with the optical sensors and crop N content or NNI for periods of ≥2 weeks (often 2–3 weeks) were derived for most indices/parameters. Overall, these results demonstrated the potential for the use of these optical sensor measurements for on-farm monitoring of crop N status in muskmelon.     

半导体生物培养箱的研制

研制了一种利用半导体作为温控元件的生物培养箱.利用半导体体积小、传热速度快以及无噪声等优点,尝试将其作为生物培养箱的温控元件,并利用ARM开发板进行核心程序的设计,且使用液晶触摸屏进行温、湿度的实时监测,使得设计出的培养箱具有人机界面友好、操作简单等优点,并通过实验验证其具有良好的控制效果.     

浅谈汽车氧传感器的检修

氧传感器是现代轿车上应甩广泛的传感器之一,对发动机的正常工作和尾气排放控制起着至关重要的作用.文章叙述氧传感器的工作原理,由氧传感器引发的故障实例,介绍检测与维修方法.     

多源传感器信息融合的农用小车路径跟踪导航系统

为解决四轮独立驱动农用小车在设施农业和畜牧业的物料运输和信息采集中的导航及控制问题,构建了农用小车导航控制系统,优化配置多个传感器,提出了基于CCD图像传感器、加速度计、电子罗盘及超声波等多传感器信息融合的导航控制方法。通过CCD获取标识路径信息,通过加速度计、电子罗盘获取小车姿态信息,通过超声波传感器判断障碍物,并给出路径特征提取、识别、多源信息融合自主导航控制和超声避障等算法,实现了小车的路径跟踪的导航控制,实验结果表明构建的导航控制系统及导航控制方法正确、有效。     

光电控制穴盘精密播种装置的研究

根据水稻工厂化育秧农艺的要求，设计了穴盘精密播种装置，该装置以PIC16C57为核心，采用光电一体化技术来控制电磁振动排种器，使其每次只排出一粒种子，提高了播种精度，降低了漏播率。试验表明，该播种装置的单粒率达98%以上，重播率小于2%，漏播率为零。     

STUDY ON SELF -SCANNING CIRCUIT OF LOW POWER DISSIPATION MOS IMAGE SENSOR

The paper studies a self- scanned circuit used in MOS image sensor with the demand of developing of high -order.low power disspation MOS image sensor and puts forward a kind of self -scanned circuit .which uses a three tramister dynamic nocomparing circuit whith a changing capacitor bootstrap circuit as MOS image sensor. The circuit adopted a silicon gote P -MOS technique, which is a high -speed low-dissipation dynamic no-coparing circuit. It is a practical unit circuit in the high -order array and solves the problem that the power dissipation of array rises with the increase of the array bite.     

Analyses of Interlayer Stresses and Strain Transfer in Smart Laminated Structures

A new model is proposed to analyze the strain/stress transfer relation between host materials and piezoceramic sensors/actuators under bending and axial stress loading. The finite thickness of the adhesive is taken into account. The physical layers of the piezoceramic, adhesive and structure material are further subdivided into thinner layers as fine as necessary in order to improve the accuracy of stress analysis. In each thin layer the in-plane stresses are assumed to vary linearly across the thickness. By satisfying equilibrium equations, constitutive equations and displacement-strain relations, all components of stress, strain and displacement can be expressed as functions of the in-plane forces and the moments of the thin layers. The differential equations governing the in-plane forces and the moments are obtained. Then, this analytical model is used to predict strain transfer from the structure material to the sensor. It is found, both experimentally and theoretically, that the axial strain of the host material is considerably larger than the strain of the sensor, which is directly related to the output voltage. By introducing the so-called strain transfer factor, a relationship between the output voltage of the sensor and the strain of the measured material is derived. The model is used to predict interlayer stress distributions and strain transfer, which are induced by actuator strain. The result was compared with existing experiments and FEM. There is stress concentration between the actuator and adhesive around the edge of the smart structures, which may cause debonding under high stress loading.     

植保四轴飞行器的模糊PID控制

针对当前植保四轴飞行器在作业过程中自身载荷发生改变后的飞行控制性能下降、抵抗环境扰动能力差的问题,该文改进了传统比例积分微分(proportion,integration,differentiation,PID)控制算法,提出了一种模糊PID控制算法。该文通过研究四轴飞行器的姿态解算和飞行原理,设计了以STM32系列的单片机为核心处理器的四轴飞行控制系统。采用AHRS模块实时解算飞行器姿态参数,结合模糊控制和PID控制算法调节电机的输出量来控制飞行姿态。试验结果表明:与传统PID相比,模糊自整定PID控制算法适应性强,参数整定简单,系统的动态响应能力和稳定性获得了提高,实现了四轴飞行器的稳定飞行。该文为植保无人机控制算法研究提供了一定的参考。     

苗盘钵苗自动识别及控制装置的设计与试验

针对全自动移栽机在田间作业中,因苗盘的钵苗格缺苗而导致的漏栽问题,研制了一种苗盘钵苗自动识别及控制试验装置。该试验装置采用单苗爪取苗,步进电机驱动钵苗盘纵向和横向移动,光电传感器作为钵苗识别装置,由可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)为控制核心,触摸屏作为人机界面,可适应不同规格的苗盘参数,可选择对该装置进行手动或自动控制。试验结果表明,该装置可有效地对钵苗格是否缺苗进行自动识别,并控制苗盘输送装置,使缺苗的钵苗格快速跳过取苗爪,提高取苗爪的抓取效率,以降低漏栽率;相对于没有采用钵苗自动识别的移栽模式,该系统漏栽率整体降低了约12%。该研究可为全自动移栽机的进一步自动化智能化设计提供参考。     

自动测量胸径和树高便携设备的研制与测量精度分析

胸径和树高测量是评价立地质量和林木生长状况的重要依据,该文以图像自动识别原理、摄影测量原理、相似三角形几何原理和三角函数原理为理论基础,研制了可测量胸径和树高的多功能便携式微型超站仪,该设备集成电荷藕合器件图像传感器、倾角传感器、激光测距传感器、中央处理器、存储器、液晶显示屏,测量时可获取测站点到待测点的倾角和距离2个参数值,并记录存储测量时的图像信息,通过仪器的嵌入式操作程序,实现胸径的自动测量、树高测量、任意处直径自动测量、基本测量等4项基本功能。通过试验验证,215株立木的单次胸径测量的平均绝对误差为0.369 cm,平均相对误差为2.08%。101株立木的单次树高测量的平均相对误差为1.44%。胸径测量精度达到97.92%,树高测量精度达到98.56%,符合国家森林资源连续清查中的测量精度要求。该设备为森林资源调查提供了参考。