植物工厂生菜根际通风对冠层和根际环境影响

随着植物工厂规模的不断扩大,传统环控方式难以实现各处均匀通风,环控效果难以保证,能源利用效率较低。该研究针对这一问题,提出了根际通风方法,使植物工厂环境空气流经水培系统中营养液面与栽培板之间的空气层后进入植物冠层下部,实现高效的通风。该文以成熟期的生菜作为试材,在同一环境条件下对低速连续通风(LCRV)、高速间隔通风(HIRV)与传统通风方式(CEC)下生菜冠层及根际环境参数变化进行对照,测试其通风调温效果。结果表明,各处理空气层温度均低于环境温度,湿度则普遍高于环境。其中,LCRV温度最低,与环境温差能够达到4.07℃;CEC湿度最高,可达100%。在冠层下部,LCRV温度低于环境3.47℃;CEC湿度较环境提高27.56%;该区域CO2浓度在LCRV作用下较CEC高139×10~(-6)。随着高度的增加与冠层遮挡的减小,根际通风对冠层上部环境参数的影响逐渐削弱,LCRV温度仍为最低,但其温差已经缩小至0.75℃,CEC温度则高于环境0.84℃;各处理相对湿度与环境的差异也有所减小,数值最高的LCRV较环境高15.8%。在营养液中,LCRV液温较CEC降低4.03℃;HIRV大幅减缓了溶解氧下降趋势,试验结束时仍维持在3.8 mg/L,同期LCRV和CEC处理只有1.8 mg/L。由此可见,传统环控方式下冠层与环境参数差异明显,以环境参数作为调控依据不够准确;相比之下,根际通风在解决传统环控方式通风温控不均匀的同时,对地上部及地下部多种微环境参数调控起到了积极作用,降低环控要求,提高空调温控效率,具有推广价值。     

湖南水稻主推品种对旱稻孢囊线虫的抗性及评价方法

【目的】旱稻孢囊线虫是一种水稻上重要的病原线虫。筛选抗虫种质资源对抗病品种的选育至关重要。【方法】通过室内二龄幼虫接种和田间自然病圃鉴定,以单株平均孢囊数、相对抗病指数和繁殖系数法评价了湖南省51个主推的水稻品种对旱稻孢囊线虫的抗性。【结果】在供试水稻品种中未发现有免疫和高抗品种。室内接种条件下,在24个中稻品种中,依据单株平均孢囊数评价,仅广两优2010表现为抗;依据相对抗病指数评价,广两优2010、准两优527、广两优1128 3个品种为抗;在27个晚稻品种中,依据单株平均孢囊数评价,盛泰优9712、准两优608、农香优204、岳优9264、岳优3700、中浙优1号、岳优27、湘晚糯1号、贺优50、Y两优9918共10个品种为抗;而依据相对抗病指数评价,湘晚糯1号、贺优50、Y两优9918表现为中感。在田间自然病圃条件下,依据繁殖系数 Pf/Pi评价,筛选出9个晚稻抗性品种,鉴定结果与室内接种相对抗病指数法基本一致。【结论】室内接种相对抗病指数法可以作为评价水稻品种对旱稻孢囊线虫抗性的有效方法。     

河北省县域相对贫困度空间分异及影响因素分析

区域贫困一直是困扰人类社会发展的重要问题,综合分析县域相对贫困度对更好地实施扶贫攻坚战略具有重要意义.以经济发展水平测量河北省县域相对贫困度,并采用空间自相关法分析空间特征,基于此运用地理探测器方法探测区域贫困影响因素,为加快县域脱贫步伐、精准脱贫建议的提出提供参考.结果表明:①河北省县域相对贫困度空间分布差异显著,相对贫困度较高的县主要分布在冀西北、冀中和冀中南地区,且区域内有少数潜在贫困县分布,相对贫困度较低的县主要分布在冀东和冀中部分地区;②地理探测器分析发现,地区生产总值、固定社会资产投资、公共财政预算收入等7个因子对县域相对贫困度影响显著,且因子之间交互作用明显;③区域发展过程中,在结合区域自然社会经济实际状况下,应针对性地提出相应扶贫策略,逐步实现区域协调发展.     

An artificial inoculation protocol for Uromycladium acaciae,cause of a serious disease of Acacia mearnsii in southern Africa

Uromycladium acaciae is the cause of a severe wattle rust epidemic in plantations of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in southern Africa. Research on the biology of this damaging rust is assisting in the development of control strategies. One strategy under investigation is the identification and deployment of resistant lines of A. mearnsii. Selection of resistant families currently relies on large-scale, time-consuming and expensive field trials. In this study, we present a detailed artificial inoculation protocol for U. acaciae, which can be used to screen for resistance. The results of an experiment that used the protocol to screen the relative resistance of 12 families of A. mearnsii to U. acaciae are also presented. The developed artificial inoculation protocol can also be used to investigate several other aspects of this host–pathogen system.     

Effect of relative humidity at either acute or chronic moderate temperature on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of relative humidity(RH) at either acute or chronic moderate ambient temperature(Ta) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers.Two experiments were conducted: effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on average daily feed intake(ADFI) and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at acute(1 d: 20–26 or 31–20°C,26 or 31°C for 6 h d–1 at 10:00–16:00) moderate Ta(experiment 1) and effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at chronic(step-wisely increasing temperature by 3°C every 3 d from 20 to 32°C within 15 d: 20–23–26–29–32°C) moderate Ta(experiment 2).Droppings were collected at the 2,4,6,8,and 22 h after Ta-RH controlled in experiment 1 and at the 2,4,6,and 22 h after Ta controlled to 32°C in experiment 2.The results showed that: 1) In experiment 1,85% RH increased(P0.05) the droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8,and 22 h and 35% RH increased(P0.05) it at the 2 and 22 h compared to the 60% RH.Moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) it compared to the 35% RH,however,no difference(P0.05) was found in ADFI among the three RH groups at acute moderate 26°C; 35 and 85% RH increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8 and 22 h and decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 60% RH,moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites and further decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 35% RH at acute moderate 31°C; and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period had a negative correlation(P0.02) with the ADFI.2) In experiment 2,85% RH increased(P0.01) droppings' corticosterone metabolites only at the 2 h and decreased(P0.02) ADFI and average daily gain(ADG) compared to the 60% RH,no difference(P0.05) in droppings' corticosterone metabolites was found between the 35 and 60% RH,however,35% RH decreased(P0.01) ADG compared to the 60% RH,and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period also had a negative correlation(P0.02) with ADFI and ADG.In conclusion,droppings' corticosterone metabolites could be used as a RH stress index and low and high RH,especially high RH,reduced growth performance possibly through inducing RH stress at moderate temperature.     

不同生育时期冬小麦叶片相对含水量高光谱监测

为实现冬小麦不同生育时期叶片水分含量的快速监测，以冬小麦冠层高光谱数据和红外热成像数据为基础，计算得到5种光谱参数，通过对不同生育时期叶片相对含水量与光谱参数拟合状况进行分析和筛选，分别构建了基于光谱参数的叶片相对含水量反演模型，并对模型进行检验。结果表明，不同生育时期叶片相对含水量与比值指数（RVI）、归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）、比值/归一化植被指数（R/ND）、优化土壤调整植被指数（OSAVI）、冠气温差（TDc-a）均呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）；拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆后期叶片相对含水量分别与NDVI、OSAVI、R/ND、TDc-a和TDc-a拟合效果较好，决定系数分别为0.842、0.884、0.831、0.864和0.945；预测模型的均方根误差分别为0.019、0.016、0.027、0.032和0.024，相对误差分别为2.16%、1.80%、3.30%、3.81%和3.53%。因此，在拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆后期，可以分别利用NDVI、OSAVI、R/ND、TDc-a和TDc-a估测冬小麦叶片相对含水量。     

Growth and Physiological Performance of Aerobic and Lowland Rice as Affected by Water Stress at Selected Growth Stages

Aerobic rice technology is still new in Malaysia, and information regarding MARDI Aerob 1 (MA1), the first local aerobic rice variety, is still lacking. Therefore, comparative studies were carried out to determine the physiological performance of aerobic rice variety MA1 and lowland rice variety MR253 under water stress given at the panicle initiation, flowering and ripening stages. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Stomatal conductance (g_s), chlorophyll a fluorescence (F_v/F_m), leaf relative water content (leaf RWC), and soil moisture content (SMC) as well as yield component parameters such as panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight were measured. Results revealed that g_s and leaf RWC for both varieties decreased with depletion of SMC. The correlation study between the physiological parameters and SMC indicated that F_v/F_m was not affected by water stress, regardless of varieties. The yield components (panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight) for both varieties greatly decreased when water stress was imposed at the panicle initiation stage. This study showed that the panicle initiation period was the most sensitive stage to water stress that contributed to a substantial reduction in yield for both varieties. Under the aerobic condition (control), MR253 produced higher panicle number, 100-grain weight and yield than MA1. Although MR253 is bred for lowland, it is well adapted to aerobic condition.     

紫云英施用量对土壤活性有机碳和碳转化酶活性的影响

利用紫云英还田的定位试验研究不同紫云英施用量下土壤活性有机碳含量和碳转化酶活性的变化。试验包括对照、施用化肥和4个紫云英施用量(30、60、90和120 t·hm~(-2))处理。结果表明:与对照相比,施用化肥和紫云英均能够显著增加土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、热水提取态有机碳、微生物生物量碳和颗粒有机碳)含量,并且随着紫云英施用量的增加土壤活性有机碳含量显著增加。土壤碳转化酶活性的变化规律与土壤活性有机碳相同,其中施用化肥和紫云英较对照处理分别提高14%和24%~55%的纤维素酶活性、27%和45%~187%的蔗糖酶活性、42%和51%~165%的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、11%和11%~24%的酚氧化酶活性以及16%和16%~27%的过氧化物酶活性。与对照相比,施用化肥对相对酶活性(酶活性与微生物生物量碳的比值)无显著影响;增加紫云英施用量能够显著增加相对蔗糖酶和相对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,降低相对酚氧化酶活性和相对过氧化物酶活性。逐步回归分析表明土壤活性有机碳组分含量主要受纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性的影响。     

Relative Neutralizing Value as an Indicator of Actual Liming Ability of Limestone and Byproduct Materials

Methods used to compare the effectiveness of liming materials (e.g., relative neutralizing value, RNV; effective calcium carbonate equivalent, ECCE) were developed for ground limestone. This method is relatively untested on industrial byproducts that could be used when limestone is expensive or unavailable. The objective was to determine if RNV applies to both ground limestones and industrial byproducts. A 42-d incubation study was performed on three acid soils with 11 ground limestones and 9 different byproducts at four rates based on titration and the modified Adams-Evans buffer method. Overall effectiveness, assessed as RNV compared to Ca(OH)₂, averaged 101.5 ± 0.9% for all the evaluated liming materials, except the paper sludge and dolomitic marble. Thus, RNV was a good estimate of neutralizing ability when particle size was accurate. Addition of RNV to packaging would facilitate the commercial use of byproducts as liming materials allowing consumers to compare products by price and properties.     

辽宁地区玉米耗水量与产量的关系

为探讨生长季自然降水条件下水分状况对玉米产量的影响,利用锦州2011、2012年和2014年玉米分期播种试验数据和1981—2010年辽宁农业气象历史资料,研究干旱年份水分与玉米产量的定量关系。结果表明:玉米产量和总耗水量间呈二次抛物线的关系(R~2=0.793,F=105,P=0.0001,n=57),当耗水量达到400~600 mm时,玉米能够获得高产;玉米不同生育阶段需水量呈现抽雄~乳熟期拔节~抽雄期出苗~拔节期乳熟~成熟期播种~出苗期的变化规律,各阶段日耗水强度分别为5.75、4.78、2.36、1.84 mm·d~(-1)和1.35 mm·d~(-1)。在分析相对叶面积指数和相对作物系数关系的基础上,提出了作物水分胁迫系数的相对叶面积订正方法,建立了以Jenson模型为基础的玉米水分生产函数模型。